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History Unit 3
chapters 5-6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Protestant Reformation | A 16th-century religious movement in Europe that challenged the authority and practices of the Roman Catholic Church, leading to the creation of new Christian denominations such as Lutheranism and Calvinism. |
| Martin Luther | A German monk and theologian whose 95 Theses (1517) criticized Church corruption, especially the sale of indulgences. His ideas sparked the Protestant Reformation |
| Thirty Years’ War | (1618–1648) major European conflict initially triggered by religious tensions between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, later expands into a broader political struggle. It devastated central Europe & ended with the Peace of Westphalia. |
| Peace of Westphalia | (1648) ended the thirty years war, reestablished boundaries, and named every state sovereign (authorized to decide religious affairs within its own territory). |
| Counter Reformation | The Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation. It included internal reforms, the Council of Trent (1545–1563), and the efforts of new religious orders like the Jesuits to revive Catholicism. |
| what they did at the concil of trent | Church reaffirmed doctrines, sacraments, & teachings (veneration of saints/relics, importance of tradition & good works) -adjusted pope's authority, priestly celibacy -educated priests & increased supervision. -develop Catholic groups ( Jesuits) |
| Scientific Revolution | A period (16th–17th centuries) of transformative developments in science, marked by new methods of observation, experimentation, and mathematical reasoning. It reshaped understanding of nature, astronomy, physics, and human knowledge. |
| Copernicus | -SR A Polish astronomer who proposed the heliocentric model, stating that the Sun—not the Earth—is at the center of the universe. His work challenged long-held Ptolemaic (geocentric) views. |
| Galileo Galilei | -SR An Italian astronomer and physicist who improved the telescope, confirmed Copernican heliocentrism, discovered moons of Jupiter, and advanced the study of motion. He faced trial by the Catholic Church for supporting heliocentrism. |
| Isaac Newton | -SR English scientist -laws of motion and universal gravitation (gravitational laws on Earth are the same laws governing the orbiting planets) This undermined the view that the earth and the heavens were two separate worlds. -calculus and optics. |
| European Enlightenment | 18th-century -trust ones own understanding. - knowledge transforms society, -if find laws governing the universe, then can find methods to govern people -hostility to political/religious authority -society can changein dependent from the divine |
| Elightenment VS Scientific revolution | broader cultural movement, goes beyond science, applying reason to politics and ethics in society VS observation, experimentation, scientific method |
| Voltaire | En A French Enlightenment writer and philosopher known for criticizing intolerance, the Church, and absolute monarchy. He championed freedom of speech, religious liberty, and rational inquiry. demist - |
| deism | En a belief in an abstract and remote deity. This deity (compared to a clockmaker) had created the world but did not interfere with it personally. His writings advocated for freedom and reason in government. |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | En A French-Swiss Enlightenment thinker who argued that people were naturally good but corrupted by society. inspired political reforms and revolts. -popular sovereignty. -egitimate governments derive authority from the general will of the people. |
| Marquis de Condorcet | En This French philosopher argued against the inferiority of women and slavery. He believed that human knowledge could advance society. His teachings inspired later Enlightenment thinkers. society progressing towards equality |
| Francis Bacon | En Developed Scientific Method –collect data, observe, & then formulate general principles, don't rely on logic or ancient authorities. Promoted Empiricism -believed science should improve human life – encouraging questioning of established ideas. |
| Thomas Hobbes | En Social Contract = People evil, need Absolute Monarch power of the thethiathan guy |
| John Locke | Life, Liberty, Property = Natural Rights -fountation for liberal democracy -polical philosophy -governments are formed to protect these rights -SOCIAL CONTRACT --> gov should serve the people |
| Voltaire | Individual Freedoms = Speech, religion -ciritical or organized religion -satirical --.> used wit to critisize the government "I may not agree with what you say but I will defend your right to say it" |
| Montesquieu | Checks and Balances = Separation of Powers - |
| Rousseau | Social Contract = People good, give government power |
| Diderot | En Encyclopedia = Education A French Enlightenment philosopher, writer, and critic (1713–1784) best known as the chief editor of the Encyclopédie, a massive reference work that compiled and disseminated knowledge on science, arts, and philosophy. |
| Describe / Define the connection between the Renaissance (Ch. 2), Scientific Revolution, and the Enlightenment. Explain how, OVER TIME, each of these intellectual movements allowed the NEXT intellectual movement to occur. | Renaissance → taught people to think for themselves. Scientific Revolution → proved reason + evidence work. Enlightenment → used those tools to redesign society. |
| Adam Smith | – individuals pursuing their own self-interest could benefit society as a whole. Criticized Mercantilism – Challenged government-controlled trade and heavy regulation, supporting minimal interference in markets. - laid foundation for capitalism |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | English writer and philosopher (1759–1797) advocate for women’s rights. She argued that women are not naturally inferior to men but appear so because of a lack of education. Promoted Education for Women |
| Indian Ocean commercial network | route, first explored by Portuguese Vasco de Gama, which allowed the Portuguese direct access to Eastern commerce. This route led around Africa, through the Indian Ocean to India, where spices and Chinese luxury products were the main appeal. |
| Trading post empire | didnt control a population or a large land mass, Trading post empires control trade routes by forcibly conquering significant trading cities. These cities were conquered through military means rather than economic competition. -portuguese were 1st |
| British East India Company | (1600 to 1874) -traded w/ the East Indies - private trading company pooled money from investors who purchased shares (joint-stock company) -control over Indian goods (spices) -acted like a gov. over India & was largely independent of Britain |
| daimyo | Daimyo were feudal lords in Japan who reflected the fragmented political landscape of Japan in the mid-16th century. Each daimyo controlled a cadre of samurai warriors. |
| samurai | These Japanese warriors worked for a Daimyo. However, by the 17th century, these samurai became a class of salaried bureaucrats and administrators. |
| Tokugawa Ieyasu | He was the first founder and the first Shogun of the Tokugawa Shogunate. He established a centralized government through alliances and military strength. He started an era of peace that ended the civil wars between previous feudal lords. |
| Tokugawa Shogunate | -military government ruled by a shogun -1600s-1860s -unified Japan after over a centuryof civil warfare -divided society into four classes -limited foreign contact, banned Japanese residents from leaving, and banned Christianity. |
| “Silver drain” | -“silver drain” -world’s silver funneled into China (luxury goods were wanted) -Chinese gov. required taxes in silver so value of silver in China rose, allowed foreigners to purchase Chinese luxury products w/ silver. Americans --> Europe --> china |
| Fur trade | European expansion and population growth, diminished the number of fur-bearing animals, and the Little Ice Age, which increased the demand for furs, led to an increased importation of fur from North America (native american fur trappers) to Europe. |
| “Soft gold” | “Soft-gold” = Russian furs -enriched Russia -Europeans paid w/ American gold & silver -# of fur-bearing decreased & spread diseases in Russia -unlike in America, Russia had no competition so Russian gov. made a tax payable in furs |
| Transatlantic Slave System | transport of captured African people across the Atlantic Ocean in the Middle Passage European world, slaves were often used as wage-free workers in sugar cane plantations. |
| African Diaspora | African Diaspora describes the global spread of African peoples as a result of the Transatlantic Slave System. This integrated African culture into American religion, art, music, and cuisine across the globe. |
| Middle Passage | sea passage used to transport African slaves to the Americas from the 1500s to the 1800s. During these journeys, African slaves, who were tightly packed into the bottom of ships, endured dangerous and dehumanizing living conditions. |
| Maroon societies | These societies were free communities of formerly enslaved people. They were largely in remote areas of South America and the Caribbean. Palmares in Brazil was the largest of these settlements. |
| Signares | African women (wealth, higher social status, access to European trade, control over property) who married European traders from the slave trade (access to African-operated commercial networks & comforts of domestic life (lived in unfamiliar territory) |
| Kingdom of Dahomey | 1600s to the late 1800s West African kingdom and a major participant in the Trans-Atlantic slave system -Queen Mother, co-ruler with the King, -women had growing power -unify large & diverse by sending a daughter from each lineage to the palace. |
| Benin | kingdom in modern-day Nigeria - avoided slave trade by diversifying exports, whichiit traded for European gunpowder early 18th century: exports of cotton & paper were overshadowed by Asian & European markets, forcing them to enter slave trade. |
| , what two areas were a vast majority of slaves being taken too? | 1. Brazil 2. Caribbean |
| Henry VIII | king of england who wanted to divorce his wife but the pope wouldnt let him so he made his own demonimation -6 wives |
| Creoles | -Born in LatAm -Have 2 European (Spanish) parents -Often own lots of land -Not given polt. or econ. power because they’re not directly linked to Europe |
| Mestizo | Spanish parent + Native American COULD BE incorporated into colonial society if light skinned enough to pass as Spanish |
| Mulatto | Spanish parent + African Slave COULD BE incorporated into colonial society if light skinned enough to pass as Spanish |
| Peninsulare | Born in Spain, sent to Lat. Am. as leaders. Controlled MOST politics & economy |
| Russian VS American furs | Russian: Driven by expansion across Siberia people forced to pay tribute in furs No European competition tate-driven North American French, British, Dutch competed --> fueled rivalries Dependent on Native trappers More commercial |
| 30 years war | rimarily in the Holy Roman Empire Protestants vs Catholics → later becomes political Extremely destructive (⅓ of German population dies) Ended by Peace of Westphalia Outcomes: State sovereignty |
| Difference Between English vs Spanish Social Structures in the Americas | Spanish: Highly racialized, hierarchical, formal: intermarriage between natives and the spanish English: Less intermarriage → sharper racial divide More settlers → displacement of Natives Slavery becomes race-based and hereditary |
| British East India Company vs Dutch East India Company | British then 2 years later dutch -only the dutch got a spice monopoly -dutch was more violent --> became soverign gov quickly -british gradually became rulers in India accidently -British became the basis of economy while the dutch became bakrupt |
| missing stuff from chapter 5 part 2 reading guide | |
| Upanishads | Upanishads were sacred texts written between 800 and 400 B.C.E. by unknown authors. They explained the Brahman, the World Soul or ultimate reality. The Brahman was a powerful energy that extended beyond the gods or any worldly material. |
| Moksha | 'Hindu concep -human souls (atman) are part of Brahman. -goal is to become one with Brahman, like a bubble in water finally uniting with the atmospheric air -take several lifetimes -reach this state in different way (study or intense warship) |
| Samsara | Reincarnation |
| Karma | This law explains how one’s individual actions determine the conditions of one’s life after death. A person who behaves according to the social class rules would be reborn into a high social caste later. |
| Siddhartha Gautama | -prince ofkingdom -buhhda. -sheltered and pampered life, then met a sick person, old man, and corpse. -decided to find the cause and cure for suffering -individual desire, clinging to earthly gains, causes suffering. - |
| Nirvana | , a state of true enlightenment where all individuality is eliminated, ridding one of greed, hatred, and delusion. |
| Bodhisattvas | fully enlightened beings devoted to helping humanity. They even delayed their own final liberation to continue assisting mankind. |
| Umma | Muslim community as a whole. - emphasized their religious similarities over their ethnic and tribal differences -unified and peaceful -women were considered equal |
| Ulama | scholars who served as judges, interpreters, administrators, prayer leaders, and reciters of the Quran |
| Sufism | worldly success = distraction from spiritual pursuits and would prevent personal encounters with the Divine. -spiritual unity w/ Allah through renunciation of the material world, meditation -flexible -dispprove of sharia law and the ulama |
| Tang (618 – 907) Cultural/artistic golden age fragmentation in China. Song (960 – 1279) Tecnological & economic advances; Neo-Conf. | Yuan (1271 – 1368) Mongol -Kubali Khan Ming (1368 – 1644) Zheng He Qing (1644 – 1912) Manchu ; expanded territory. |
| song | “golden age” because it established political stability, allowing advancements in ceramics, poetry, landscape painting, and philosophy. This Dynasty created a bureaucratic state structure, which revived the examination system started by the Han Dynasty. |
| Hangzhou | Song Dynasty’s capital, which held more than 1 million people. It was located on the southern end of the Grand Canal, making it a popular trading community. At the time, it was one of the richest cities in the world |
| Srivijaya | Malay kingdom of Srivijaya monopoly on the Indian Ocean trade between India and China. - on Strait of Melaka - strong navy - access to gold and spices -taxes on passing ships allowed -center of Mahayana Buddhism |
| Majapahit | This state, located in maritime Southeast Asia on the island of Java, adopted elements of Indian culture, creating a unique Hindu-Javanese culture. This society helped spread the Hindu-Buddhist culture across the region. |
| Abbasid Caliphate | -sunni Arab Dynasty - ruled in theory, not practice. -capital in Baghdad. -lost power as local governors established the autonomy - Golden Age of Islam -ended when the Mongols sacked Baghdad in 1258 |
| Seljuk Empire | -turkic muslim centered in Persia, rulers adopted the title sultan, a Muslim title. As more people in Turkey converted to Islam, they became sustainers of Islam. They unified the Middle East and spread Sunni Islam. |
| Ottoman Empire | Tukic warrior group. ' -established unity in the Islamic community. -capital city was Constantinople. -claimed the title of Caliph and the legacy of the Abbasid Empire. -controlled many essential trade routes, -sunni |
| Mali | Mali, part of the West African Civilization, monopolized the import of strategic goods (horses and metals). They taxed salt, copper, and more while also keeping large amounts of gold and permitting the free export of gold dust. -GOLD GOLD -mansa musa |
| Timbuktu | This was a major trading city in Mali where officials, artisans, scholars, students, and local and foreign merchants all worked side by side. It was a major economic center for the Mali society. |
| Maya Civilization | most advanced writing system in the Americas -mathematical system also contained the concept of zero -lack of a central government, as this civilization was ruled by city-states, local lords, and regional kingdoms, causes constant warfare. |
| Aztec | began with nomadic group called Mexica, on an island in Lake Texcoco. - capital city (Tenochtitlan) -human sacrifice -chinampas |
| Inca | Andes region. Unlike the Aztec Empire, which would mostly leave its conquered people alone, the Inca Empire created a more bureaucratic and intrusive empire. quipus (made of knotted cords that serve as accounting devices) |
| mita | labor services required of the conquered people in the Inca Empire. -work for the state, with some working on state farms or “sun farms” which supported temples, and others mined, served in the military, worked in construction, or herded. |
| Neo-Confucianism | During the Song Dynasty, Buddhist teachings influenced Confucian ideas in China, leading to a new form of Confucianism called Neo-Confucianism. This religion spread to Japan in 1240 and was favored by scholars. |
| Khanate | After Chinggis Khan died, the Mongol Empire was divided into four Khanates. They are regions ruled by a Khan after the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire. |
| Khubilai Khan | Khubilai Khan was the grandson of Chinggis Khan, who ruled China as a Confucian-inspired Chinese emperor. The Mongols in China became a Chinese dynasty, the Yuan, and unified China. |
| Great Zimbabwe | As commerce increased, new civilizations developed. T -central Africa between -large sources of gold, which were in high demand on the Swahili coast. |
| Melaka | -islam’s impact began to grow. -connection to Indian Ocean Maritime Trade System. - Portuguese conquered it in 1511, -major port city, became the capital of the Malay Muslim sultanate. -Strait of Melaka |
| Ibn Battuta | -medieval Muslim traveler, explorer, and scholar who wrote a travel book called Rihla - records his journey across Islamic world.-provide historical insight into the trade, religions, cultural practices, societal norms, and others of his time. |
| Chaco Phenomenon | a period of societal and cultural development (860 and 1130 AD) in the Chaco Canyon. This encompassed 25,000 square miles and linked 150 settlements to the main centers. Pueblo Bonito, the largest of these towns or “great houses,” |
| Pochteca | - professional Aztec merchants (15th century): large-scale trading expeditions. -agents of the empire, for members of the nobility, or as private businessmen -titles of commoners, but wealthier than nobility, making “magnates of the land.” |
| Castas | Castas were separate groups, determined by racial heritage and skin color, of mestizo people. These groups fostered discrimination. |
| dhows | ships with lateen sails |
| Devshirme | system in the Ottoman Empire describes how the Muslim authorities conscripted young Christian boys into the service of the state. These boys either worked in the government or entered the Janissaries (Ottoman infantry force). |
| Safavid Empire | Persian lands -islamic state starting in the late 15th and early 16th centuries) -position in centralEurasia allowed it to benefit from trans-continental trade. This empire forcefully imposed the Shia version of Islam. |
| Zamindars | -local landowners in India who collected taxes for the Mughal Emperor, often keeping some of the funds themselves. -18th century, zamindars became an aristocrafcy after becomeing landowners under British rule. |
| Songhay (Songhai) Empire | West Africa in the early modern era relied heavily on trade because of its position to dominate the Sand Roads (gold, salt, horses). A trans-Saharan commerce in enslaved people moved thousands of people to Islamic North Africa. |
| Sonni Ali | founder of songhay empire had to keep his subjects' loyalty by participating in traditional ceremonies while also accommodating the Muslim merchant class, who were essential for the economy. |
| Pueblo Revolt | - sparked by the brutal Spanish conquest of Pueblo religious beliefs, Pueblo maintained independence for 12 years until it was reconquered by the Spanish. |
| Taki Onqoy | -response to violent Christian missionaries eradicateing local religion -religious revivalist movement in Peru in the 1560s. -AKA dancing sickness, -traveling dancers who claimed to be possessed by Adean gods said diseases would infect the Europeans |
| Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab | Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab created the Wahhabi Movement, which demanded a purification of the Islamic faith. This movement, with the support of local ruler Muhammad bin Saud, developed into a state in central Arabia |
| Wang Yangming | a Chinese philosopher during the Ming dynasty. -all humans have innate moral knowledge of right and wrong . He -doctrines and education unnecessary for acquiring moral understanding -virtuous lives through introspection. -individualistic |
| The Dream of the Red Chamber | a large novel by Cao Xueqin containing 120 chapters and primarily featuring female characters, was a fictional novel that explained the social life of an 18th-century elite family with connections to the Chinese court. |
| Mirabai | bhaki poet was a high-class woman from northern India who abandoned her upper-class family and conventional Hindu practices after her husband’s death. Her poetry reflects her hope for union with Krisha, whom she considered her husband and lord. |
| Sikhism | new religious tradition in northern India. -Guru Nanak, the religion’s founder, -there was no Hinduism or Islam, only God. -against the caste system and the inequality between men and women, drawing converts from peasants and merchants. |
| who volunteered to fight in the last Crusade for the pope (after European lords reufsed to give kights) | Venessians -sacked Constantinople (a christian city) |
| who did Europe fight in the Crusade | Abbassid Caliphate |
| evolution of the french government | monarchy, national assembly, legislative assembly, national convention, committe of public safetly, aligarchy, consolite, dictator |
| three mistake Napolean made | -attacking Russia -banned the countries he controlled from trading with Britian (it became a black market and england can charge more) -I FORGET THE THIRD |
| bantu | the spread iron and farming tecniques and spread their language (allowed distant people to communicate) |
| the great schism | the splitting of christianity (catholic and orthodox) distance and transation problems |
| sultan | mulim ruler -they are in charge of politics (not religion) |
| caliphs | both political and religious mulsim ruler |
| mugals | they were tolerant to the Hindus in India -no Buddhists in the government becuase they are against authotity (they are in gov in China becuase it changes) |
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