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RAD105 TEST 12-2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| types of pathogens | viruses - replicate only inside living cells bacteria - most are harmless, some pathogenic fungi protozoa |
| Bacteria | Prokaryotes - no nucleus Eukaryotes - have a nucleus exist in a colony within a host produce endospores resistant to chemical and physical agents |
| Viruses | infectious single cell microorganisms - virions cannot live outside a living cell attaches to host cell, inserts its own genetic information, redirects host cell to produce new viruses |
| fungi | two types - mold and yeast diseases caused by fungi have four classifications - superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, systemic |
| parasitic protozoa | neither plant nor animal, live on or in other organisms at expense of host, usually have motile functionality |
| cycle of infection | encounter -> entry -> spread -> multiplication -> damage -> outcome |
| 2 types of infectious microbe entry | ingression - doesn't involve deep tissue penetration penetration - involves pathogen invading past epithelial barrier |
| damage caused by infectious microbes | direct - cell death caused by destruction of host cells or release of toxins or poisons by the infectious agent indirect - alteration of host's metabolism |
| routes of transmission re: infectious microbes | air, droplet, contact, vector, fomite |
| endogenous antigens | antigens that enter the body of the organism from the outside |
| exogenous antigens | antigens produced from within the cell or when cell is affected by bacteria or viruses |
| nosocomial | infection acquired while in care of a medical provider |
| Iatrogenic infection | develop after invasive procedure or surgery |
| HAI | healthcare acquired infections |
| Defense mechanisms of the body | external - normal flora (microbials present on skin), hand washing, chemotherapeutic agents, immunizations internal - mechanical barriers, chemical processes, cellular processes |
| Asepsis | use of practices aimed at destroying pathological organisms, implies "freedom from infection" |
| surgical asepsis | used when foreign objects are being placed inside body, ex: use of sterile gloves, gowns, and masks |
| medical asepsis | used to reduce number of pathogenic microorganisms on object or surface |
| most effective method of asepsis | handwashing |
| sterilization | the absolute removal/killing of all life forms + spores -heat is most effective method -most heat w/ pressure -> autoclave -ultraviolet light also effective -handwashing is NOT effective for sterilization |
| buffer zone | one inch area at the edge of sterile field, treated as if it were contaminated |
| sterility indicators | chemical indicators that change color when sterilization has occurred |
| 4 methods of sterilization | chemical, autoclaving, gas, gas plasma |
| chemical sterilization | the immersion and soaking of clean objects in a bath of germicidal solution followed by sterile water rinse, not recommended for surgical asepsis |
| autoclaving | heat through steam sterilization under pressure the most used sterilization method in hospitals |
| gas sterilization | uses a mixture of heated gases, for use on items that can't be autoclaved drawbacks - the gas is poisonous and must be aerated, time consuming |
| gas plasma technology | safer than gas sterilization, able to treat items in greater volume, more cost effective |
| dry heat | vacuum chamber with infrared heating element, less expensive than autoclaves |
| sterile corridor | area between patient drape and instrument table |
| chest tubes / thoracostomy tubes | drain the intrapleural space and mediastinum, create negative pressure |
| insertion site for thoracostomy | usually fifth to sixth intercostal space |
| technologist responsibilities re: chest tubes | perform images to confirm chest tube position and chest status do not catch tubing on x ray equipment exterior assembly of chest tubes must remain lower than the patient's chest |
| catheters | two main types - retention balloon (Foley) - balloon portion holds catheter with bladder - straight type - used to empty bladder, irrigate bladder, introduce drugs, permit accurate urine output measurement, relieve incontinence |
| indwelling catheter placement | tubing placed to inside of leg, end of tube attached to bag, drainage must always be kept lower than patient's bladder |
| intravenous and intraarterial lines | sterile technique required for insertion of catheters into veins and arteries, require imaging to confirm placement and functionality |
| pacemakers | technologist must operate fluoroscopy unit, which will allow the physician to place pacemaker correctly |
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