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HCMG 1010, Exam 2
Opiod Crisis
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What was the first wave of opioid overdose deaths? | rise in prescription opioid overdose deaths in the 1990s |
| What was the second wave of opioid overdose deaths? | rise in heroin overdose deaths started in 2010 |
| What was the third wave of opioid overdose deaths? | rise in synthetic opioid overdose deaths started in 2013 |
| What is the fourth wave of opioid overdose deaths? | polysubstance overdoses |
| What competition increases overdose mortaility? | import competition - but only explains small share of deaths |
| Closure of what industries increase overdoses? | manufacturing plant closures |
| What type of employment did not have any effects on opioid use? | local employment |
| What is the demand side explanation for opioid crisis? | broad deterioration of the lives of Americans without a college degree who entered adulthood after 1970 |
| What is the supply side explanation for opioid crisis? | clinical use of opioids in the United States quadrupled between 2000 and 2010 |
| Why did supply increase for opioid crisis? | medical norms changed to include pain as a vital sign, aggressive marketing by pharmaceutical companies |
| When did percocet and vicodin come into the market | Late 1970s |
| What did doctors start prescribing opioids to patients for? | terminal illnesses, interest in using opioids to treat chronic pain |
| When did american pain society promote the concept of pain as a fifth vital sign? | 1996 |
| What did Purdue Pharma aggressively market? | book in 2000 for purchase by doctors as part of required continuing education seminars |
| What kind of marketing did Purdue Pharma get accused of? | deceptive marketing campaign for OxyContin: told doctors it was safer and less addictive than other opioids and appropriate for long-term chronic pain |
| What kind of audience did Purdue Pharma target? | high-volume prescribers and communities with heavy opioid use, even after red flags about inappropriate prescribing |
| What did Purdue Pharma plead to in 2007? | felony misbranding OxyContin |
| What did Purdue Pharma plead to in 2020 | pleaded guilty to lying to DEA about having an effective anti-diversion program, gave DEA misleading data, paying doctors through "speaker programs" to induce more prescriptions |
| What is a prescription drug monitoring program | electronic databases that track prescriptions, doctors can check PDMP to see if patient received opioids from other health providers |
| What two categories do state laws put PDMPs into for doctor use? | voluntary must-access |
| What kind of design was used to determine the effectiveness of PDMPs | difference-in-differences design |
| What was the independent variable used to determine effectiveness of PDMPs? | treatment - states change following PDMP implementation, control had no PDMP implementation |
| What were the two key assumptions in determining the effectiveness of PDMPs? | opioid use would have trended similarly across treatment and control states in the absence of a PDMP, nothing happened at the same time as PDMP implementation that differentially affected treatment states |
| What were the results of must-access PDMPs study? | must-access PDMPs reduce opioid mortality by 9%, and prescribing by 10% |
| What could account for the large differences in prescribing opioids by medical school? | differences in patient need, differences in patient loads |
| What are the trade-offs to reducing prescribing opioids? | opioids legitimate medical product that are effective at managing pain, potential disruptions for legitimate users, users may switch to heroin |
| What were the effects of reformulation of OxyContin on heroin deaths? | increases in heroin deaths larger in areas with higher pre-reformulation OxyContin misuse rates |
| How is the post-COVID-19 opioid epidemic easing? | expanded harm reduction, improved access to treatment. opioid settlements now funding prevention, changes in the illicit drug supply |
Created by:
goldengalleon