Question 1

Describe Astrocytes
Where are they located?
Function?

Accepted Answer

"Star Cell" many processes, look like a star, the processes wrap around and cover neurons and blood vessels for support, also guide neurons during development and control composition of chemical environment by forming blood brain barrier; CNS

Question 2

Describe oligodendrocytes 
Location? Function?

Accepted Answer

"few" "tree", processes form myelin sheaths around axons to increase speed of nerve impulses; CNS

Question 3

Describe Microglia 
Location? Function?

Accepted Answer

"Small" "eat", engulf debris, necrotic tissue, and invading bacteria or viruses; CNS

Question 4

Describe Ependymal 
Location? Function?

Accepted Answer

"above" "garment", line all 4 ventricles (spaces or cavaties) of the brain as well as central canal of the spinal cord, form cerebrospinal fluid and their cilia moves it, CNS

Question 5

Schwann Cells
Location? Function?

Accepted Answer

flattened cells that wrap around the axons, PNS

Question 6

Satellite Cells
Location? Function?

Accepted Answer

Processes that are flattened and surround the sensory neuron cell bodies in the ganglia, PNS

Question 7

Dendrites 
Function? Location?

Accepted Answer

receive information and convert it to a change in membrane potential, branches coming off the neuron

Question 8

Cell Body of the Neuron
Function? Location?

Accepted Answer

house the organelles, piece that isn't a projetion

Question 9

Axon Hillock

Accepted Answer

"small hill", triangular or cone shaped area on the cell body just before the axon, determines if an action potential continues traveling down the axon

Question 10

Axon

Accepted Answer

"axis", longer process than the dendrites, initiates action potentials; segmented

Question 11

Trigger Area

Accepted Answer

First part of the axon where the action potential begins (initial segment)

Question 12

Axon collaterals

Accepted Answer

side branches off the axon, conduct action potentials along their full lengths

Question 13

Axon terminals

Accepted Answer

the end of axon collaterals, end bulbs which contain neurotransmitter molecules that transmit a signal across the synapse

Question 14

Multipolar neurons

Accepted Answer

several dendrites, one axon

Question 15

Bipolar neurons

Accepted Answer

one dendrite, one axon

Question 16

Unipolar neurons

Accepted Answer

fused dendrites and axon, function as sensory receptors

Question 17

sensory (afferent) neuron function and structure

Accepted Answer

senses changes in environment, usually unipolar

Question 18

interneuron (association neuron) function and structure

Accepted Answer

multipolar neuron; 90% of neurons in CNS; synapse with chain og interneurons sending signals to the brain

Question 19

motor (efferent) neuron function and structure

Accepted Answer

multipolar neurons; take the impulse from the CNS via spinal or cranial nerves to an effector (muscle or gland)

Question 20

Node of Ranvier

Accepted Answer

small, unmyelinated section of an axon that occurs between segments of the myelin sheath. They are rich in voltage-gated sodium and potassium ion channels, which are essential for the propagation of action potentials.

Question 21

Explain Gray and White matter, locations in brain and spinal cord

Accepted Answer

White matter - myelinated, form tracts Gray matter - non myelinated (neural cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, neuroglia) Brain: Gray, white, gray; Spinal cord white, gray

Question 22

axo-axonic

Accepted Answer

axon to axon

Question 23

axodendritic

Accepted Answer

axon to dendrite

Question 24

axosomatic

Accepted Answer

axon to cell body

Question 25

Explain chain of events in communication between neurons

Accepted Answer

presynaptic neuron - release transmitter - post synaptic neuron has receptors that bind to the transmitter - graded potential - postsynaptic potential, if strong enough it becomes an action potential

Question 26

Three protective layers in a spinal nerve: Epineurium, Perineurium, and Endoneurium. Where are they located?

Accepted Answer

Epineurium - surrounds the whole nerve, Perineurium - encases fascicle (small bundle of axons); Endoneurium - covers myelinated and unmyelinated axons

Question 27

Describe a plexus

Accepted Answer

braided network of nerves coming from the spine

Question 28

Brachial Plexus: Where is it? Function?

Accepted Answer

formed from the ventral (anterior) rami of C5 - T1, serves the shoulders and upper limbs, axillary, median, musculocutaneous, radial, and ulnar nerves

Question 29

Cervical Plexus: Where? Function?

Accepted Answer

anterior (ventral) rami of C1 - C5 both left and right sides, Phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm, otherwise supply skin and muscles of the head, neck, superior part of shoulders and chest

Question 30

Lumbar Plexus: Where? Function?

Accepted Answer

anterior (ventral) rami from L1 - L4; serves skin and muscles of abdominal wall, external genitalia, and part of lower limbs, femoral and obturator nerves notable nerves

Question 31

Sacral Plexus: Where? Function?

Accepted Answer

anterior (ventral) rami from L4 - S4. Supplies buttocks, perineum, and most of the lower limbs, pudendal and sciatic nerves

Nerves and Reflexes

Lab Week 8

Question	Answer
Describe Astrocytes Where are they located? Function?	"Star Cell" many processes, look like a star, the processes wrap around and cover neurons and blood vessels for support, also guide neurons during development and control composition of chemical environment by forming blood brain barrier; CNS
Describe oligodendrocytes Location? Function?	"few" "tree", processes form myelin sheaths around axons to increase speed of nerve impulses; CNS
Describe Microglia Location? Function?	"Small" "eat", engulf debris, necrotic tissue, and invading bacteria or viruses; CNS
Describe Ependymal Location? Function?	"above" "garment", line all 4 ventricles (spaces or cavaties) of the brain as well as central canal of the spinal cord, form cerebrospinal fluid and their cilia moves it, CNS
Schwann Cells Location? Function?	flattened cells that wrap around the axons, PNS
Satellite Cells Location? Function?	Processes that are flattened and surround the sensory neuron cell bodies in the ganglia, PNS
Dendrites Function? Location?	receive information and convert it to a change in membrane potential, branches coming off the neuron
Cell Body of the Neuron Function? Location?	house the organelles, piece that isn't a projetion
Axon Hillock	"small hill", triangular or cone shaped area on the cell body just before the axon, determines if an action potential continues traveling down the axon
Axon	"axis", longer process than the dendrites, initiates action potentials; segmented
Trigger Area	First part of the axon where the action potential begins (initial segment)
Axon collaterals	side branches off the axon, conduct action potentials along their full lengths
Axon terminals	the end of axon collaterals, end bulbs which contain neurotransmitter molecules that transmit a signal across the synapse
Multipolar neurons	several dendrites, one axon
Bipolar neurons	one dendrite, one axon
Unipolar neurons	fused dendrites and axon, function as sensory receptors
sensory (afferent) neuron function and structure	senses changes in environment, usually unipolar
interneuron (association neuron) function and structure	multipolar neuron; 90% of neurons in CNS; synapse with chain og interneurons sending signals to the brain
motor (efferent) neuron function and structure	multipolar neurons; take the impulse from the CNS via spinal or cranial nerves to an effector (muscle or gland)
Node of Ranvier	small, unmyelinated section of an axon that occurs between segments of the myelin sheath. They are rich in voltage-gated sodium and potassium ion channels, which are essential for the propagation of action potentials.
Explain Gray and White matter, locations in brain and spinal cord	White matter - myelinated, form tracts Gray matter - non myelinated (neural cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, neuroglia) Brain: Gray, white, gray; Spinal cord white, gray
axo-axonic	axon to axon
axodendritic	axon to dendrite
axosomatic	axon to cell body
Explain chain of events in communication between neurons	presynaptic neuron - release transmitter - post synaptic neuron has receptors that bind to the transmitter - graded potential - postsynaptic potential, if strong enough it becomes an action potential
Three protective layers in a spinal nerve: Epineurium, Perineurium, and Endoneurium. Where are they located?	Epineurium - surrounds the whole nerve, Perineurium - encases fascicle (small bundle of axons); Endoneurium - covers myelinated and unmyelinated axons
Describe a plexus	braided network of nerves coming from the spine
Brachial Plexus: Where is it? Function?	formed from the ventral (anterior) rami of C5 - T1, serves the shoulders and upper limbs, axillary, median, musculocutaneous, radial, and ulnar nerves
Cervical Plexus: Where? Function?	anterior (ventral) rami of C1 - C5 both left and right sides, Phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm, otherwise supply skin and muscles of the head, neck, superior part of shoulders and chest
Lumbar Plexus: Where? Function?	anterior (ventral) rami from L1 - L4; serves skin and muscles of abdominal wall, external genitalia, and part of lower limbs, femoral and obturator nerves notable nerves
Sacral Plexus: Where? Function?	anterior (ventral) rami from L4 - S4. Supplies buttocks, perineum, and most of the lower limbs, pudendal and sciatic nerves

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