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Bio Final
Bio
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Heredity | Passing traits from parents to kids |
| Genetics | Study of how traits are inherited |
| Gene | A piece of DNA that codes for a trait |
| Chromosome | Long DNA molecule with many genes |
| Homologous chromosomes | Matching chromosome pair (one from mom, one from dad) |
| Karyotype | Picture of all chromosomes in a cell |
| Gametes | Sex cells (sperm/egg), haploid |
| Somatic cells | Body cells, diploid |
| Zygote | Fertilized egg (sperm + egg) |
| Asexual reproduction | One parent, identical offspring |
| Sexual reproduction | Two parents, genetically different offspring |
| Clone | An identical genetic copy |
| Sex chromosomes | X and Y chromosomes |
| Autosomes | All chromosomes except X and Y |
| Diploid (2n) | Two sets of chromosomes |
| Haploid (n) | One set of chromosomes |
| Mitosis | Makes identical body cells |
| Meiosis | Makes different gametes; cuts chromosome number in half |
| Crossing over | Chromosomes swap DNA |
| Synapsis | Chromosomes pair up in meiosis |
| Independent assortment | Chromosomes line up randomly |
| Random fertilization | Any sperm can fertilize any egg |
| Gregor Mendel | Father of genetics; used pea plants |
| P generation | Parent generation |
| F1 generation | First generation offspring |
| F2 generation | Second generation (F1 × F1) |
| Hybridization | Crossing two different true-breeding parents |
| Monohybrid cross | Cross involving ONE trait |
| Dihybrid cross | Cross involving TWO traits |
| Law of Segregation | Alleles separate during gamete formation |
| Law of Independent Assortment | Traits inherited separately if on different chromosomes |
| Dominant allele | Shows even if only one copy |
| Recessive allele | Hidden unless two copies are present |
| Homozygous | Two of same allele (AA or aa) |
| Heterozygous | Two different alleles (Aa) |
| Genotype | Genetic makeup |
| Phenotype | Physical trait |
| Pleiotropy | One gene affects many traits |
| Test cross | Cross unknown genotype with recessive genotype to find genotype |
| Multiplication rule | AND = multiply |
| Addition rule | OR = add |
| Environmental effects on phenotype | Environment can change trait expression (temp, sunlight, nutrition) |
| Thomas Hunt Morgan | Used fruit flies; linked genes to chromosomes |
| Chromosome theory of inheritance | Genes are located on chromosomes |
| Wild type | Most common/normal phenotype |
| Mutant | Changed phenotype |
| Sex-linked genes | Genes on X or Y chromosome |
| X-linked gene | Gene on X chromosome |
| Female X-inactivation | One X chromosome turns off; forms Barr body |
| Linked genes | Genes close together on same chromosome |
| Genetic recombination | Creating new allele combinations |
| Parental types | Look like parents' traits |
| Recombinant types | New trait combinations |
| Crossing over in linked genes | Creates recombinant types even when genes are close |
| Genetic map | Map showing gene positions based on recombination |
| Linkage map | Map showing distances between genes |
| Organelle genes | Mitochondria and chloroplast DNA inherited from mother |
| Chargaff's rules | A=T and C=G |
| Rosalind Franklin | Took X-ray photo of DNA |
| Watson and Crick | Built DNA double helix model |
| Double helix | Twisted ladder structure of DNA |
| Antiparallel strands | Two strands run opposite directions |
| Base pairing | A pairs with T; C pairs with G |
| Template strand | The DNA strand used to make RNA |
| Coding strand | The DNA strand that matches RNA (T → U) |
| Semiconservative replication | Each new DNA has one old and one new strand |
| Replication fork | Y-shaped opening where DNA unwinds |
| Helicase | Enzyme that unzips DNA |
| Single-strand binding proteins | Keep DNA strands apart |
| Topoisomerase | Reduces twisting stress in DNA |
| Primase | Makes RNA primers |
| DNA polymerase | Builds new DNA strand |
| Leading strand | Made continuously |
| Lagging strand | Made in short pieces |
| Okazaki fragments | Short segments on lagging strand |
| DNA proofreading | Polymerase checks and fixes errors |
| Telomeres | Protect ends of chromosomes |
| Chromatin | DNA plus proteins |
| Euchromatin | Loose, active DNA |
| Heterochromatin | Tight, inactive DNA |
| Gene expression | Turning DNA into protein |
| Transcription | Making RNA from DNA |
| Translation | Making protein from RNA |
| Central dogma | DNA → RNA → Protein |
| Codons | 3-letter RNA sequence coding for amino acids |
| Reading frame | The way codons are grouped |
| Start codon | AUG |
| Stop codons | UAA, UAG, UGA |
| RNA polymerase | Enzyme that builds RNA |
| Promoter | Where RNA polymerase binds |
| Terminator | Where transcription stops |
| Transcription initiation | Polymerase attaches to promoter |
| Transcription elongation | RNA strand grows |
| Transcription termination | RNA is released |
| 5' cap | Protective cap on mRNA |
| Poly-A tail | Tail added to mRNA for protection and stability |
| Introns | Noncoding parts removed |
| Exons | Kept parts that code for proteins |
| RNA splicing | Cutting introns out and joining exons |
| Protein domains | Parts of a protein with different jobs |
| Translation | RNA → protein |
| tRNA | Brings amino acids to ribosome |
| Ribosome | Builds protein from mRNA |
| Translation initiation | Ribosome assembles on mRNA |
| Translation elongation | Amino acid chain grows |
| Translation termination | Stop codon ends translation |
| Protein targeting | Directing proteins to certain cell locations |
| Mutation | Change in DNA |
| Substitution | One base swapped |
| Insertion | Base added |
| Deletion | Base removed |
| Frameshift | Reading frame shifts from insertion/deletion |
| Genome size | Total amount of DNA |
| Gene number | Total number of genes |
| Noncoding DNA | DNA that does not code for proteins |
| Gene density | Genes per amount of DNA |
| Pseudogenes | Non-functional genes |
| Repetitive DNA | DNA that repeats |
| Transposable elements | DNA that can move itself |
| Transposons | Cut and paste DNA movement |
| Retrotransposons | Copy and paste using RNA |
| Simple sequence DNA | Short repeating DNA pieces |
| STRs | Short tandem repeats used for identification |
| Multigene families | Groups of related genes |
| Duplication | Makes extra copies of DNA |
| Rearrangement | Changes DNA order or location |
| Mutation | Changes the DNA sequence |
| Transposable elements | Move DNA and cause variation |
| Conserved developmental genes | Important genes that stay similar across species |
| Natural selection | Best-fit organisms survive and reproduce |
| Homology | Shared traits from common ancestry |
| Homologous structures | Same structure, different function |
| Vestigial structures | Leftover body parts with little function |
| Microevolution | Small allele frequency changes in a population |
| Gene pool | All alleles in a population |
| Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium | Model that predicts allele frequencies |
| Genetic drift | Random allele changes |
| Founder effect | Small group starts a new population |
| Bottleneck effect | Population greatly reduced |
| Gene flow | Genes move between populations |
| Directional selection | Favors one extreme |
| Disruptive selection | Favors both extremes |
| Stabilizing selection | Favors the middle |
| Limits of natural selection | Can only act on existing traits |
| Transformation lab | Introducing new DNA into bacteria |
| Restriction digest | Cutting DNA with restriction enzymes |
| Polytene chromosomes | Giant chromosomes used for mapping |
| Molecular evolution lab | Comparing DNA to study evolution |
Created by:
Zoiepotts