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Cumulative Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What best describes homeostasis? | The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes |
| What factor is most essential to homeostasis? | Constant monitoring and regulation of internal conditions |
| Which two systems coordinate most homeostatic responses in the body? | They detect changes and send regulatory signals |
| The Urinary system helps maintain homeostasis by? | Regulating water balance, electrolytes, and pH |
| Which system delivers nutrients, hormones, and waste products to maintain internal balance? | Circulatory System |
| In negative feedback, the effector's role is to? | Oppose or counteract the stimulus |
| What is an example of Intrinsic control of blood flow? | Local vasodilation is active skeletal muscle due to increases CO2 |
| The myogenic mechanism responds to which change? | Stretch of vascular smooth muscles |
| Which organ depends heavily on intrinsic autooregulation to maintain stable filtration rates? | Kidneys |
| Which two components form the basic building blocks of triglycerides? | Glycerol and fatty acids |
| What is a fatty acid consists of? | A hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group |
| What type of chemical reaction forms triglycerides from fatty acids and glycerol? | Dehydration synthesis |
| Which of the following is not one of the four major organic compound groups in the human body? | Minerals |
| Which organic molecules groups is composed of amino acids? | Proteins |
| Triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids are all types of? | Lipids |
| The resting membrane potential of typical neuron is approximately? | -70mV |
| Which ion is most permeable across the neuronal membrane at rest? | K+ |
| At rest, sodium ions (Na+) tends to diffuse? | Na+ concentration is high outside = diffuses inward |
| the resting membrane potential is primarily established by? | K+ diffusion out of the cell through leak channels |
| What is the role of the Na+ / K+ pump during neuron rest? | Maintaining the resting membrane potential of a neuron. |
| What best describes homeostasis? | The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes |
| What factor is most essential to homeostasis? | Constant monitoring and regulation of internal conditions |
| Which two systems coordinate most homeostatic responses in the body? | They detect changes and send regulatory signals |
| The Urinary system helps maintain homeostasis by? | Regulating water balance, electrolytes, and pH |
| Which system delivers nutrients, hormones, and waste products to maintain internal balance? | Circulatory System |
| In negative feedback, the effector's role is to? | Oppose or counteract the stimulus |
| What is an example of Intrinsic control of blood flow? | Local vasodilation is active skeletal muscle due to increases CO2 |
| The myogenic mechanism responds to which change? | Stretch of vascular smooth muscles |
| Which organ depends heavily on intrinsic autooregulation to maintain stable filtration rates? | Kidneys |
| Which two components form the basic building blocks of triglycerides? | Glycerol and fatty acids |
| What is a fatty acid consists of? | A hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group |
| What type of chemical reaction forms triglycerides from fatty acids and glycerol? | Dehydration synthesis |
| Which of the following is not one of the four major organic compound groups in the human body? | Minerals |
| Which organic molecules groups is composed of amino acids? | Proteins |
| Triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids are all types of? | Lipids |
| The resting membrane potential of typical neuron is approximately? | -70mV |
| Which ion is most permeable across the neuronal membrane at rest? | K+ |
| At rest, sodium ions (Na+) tends to diffuse? | Na+ concentration is high outside = diffuses inward |
| the resting membrane potential is primarily established by? | K+ diffusion out of the cell through leak channels |
| What is the role of the Na+ / K+ pump during neuron rest? | Maintains ion gradients by pumping 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in |
| oxidation refers to? | Losing electrons |
| Reduction refers to? | Gain of electrons |
| Hydrolysis reactions? | Break down molecules using water |
| Phosphorylation typically involves? | Adding a phosphate group to molecule |
| Which reaction is essential for ATP production during cellular respiration? | Oxidation of glucose |
| What is the main precursor of vitamin D produced in human skin? | 7-Dehydrocholesterol |
| What is Vitamin D3 also known as? | Cholecalciferol |
| Which form of Vitamin D circulates in the blood as the major storage form? | Calcidiol |
| The final activation step of vitamin D occurs in the? | kidney |
| DNA's primary role in the cell is to? | Store generic information |
| The basic building block (Monomers) of DNA are? | Nucleotides |
| Simple diffusion moves molecules? | From high to low concentration |
| Facilitated diffusion requires? | Carrier proteins or channels proteins |
| Filtration depends primarily on? | A pressure gradient |
| Diffusion is best defines as ? | Movement of molecules from high to low concentration |
| Filtration is driven by? | Hydrostatic pressure gradient |
| Which process requires a selectively permeable membrane? | Diffusion can occur without a membrane, osmosis requires one |
| Which process allows solutes and water to pass through a membrane because of blood pressure? | Filtration |
| At rest the inside of a neuron is? | Negatively charges compared to the outside |
| Which ion is most concentrated inside the neuron at rest? | K+ is high inside, Na+ is high outside |
| Which ions is most responsible for the negative charge inside the neuron? | K+ efflux plus trapped negative proteins |
| The outside of a resting neuron has a high concentration of? | Na+ and Cl- |
| At rest, the inside of a neuron is? | Negative relative to the outside |
| Which ions primarily contributes to the neuron's negative internal charge at rest? | Negatively charges proteins (A-) |
| What is MOST responsible for maintaining charge separation across the neuronal membrane? | Na+ / K+ ATPase pump |
| Pinocytosis is described as? | Cellular " Drinking" of extracellular fluid |
| Exocytosis requires? | ATP and vesicle fusion with the membrane |
| What statement about phagocytosis is TRUE? | It involves pseudopods wrapping around a particle |
| What is not a primary tissue types in the human body? | Skeletal tissue |
| Tissues form the next level of organization after? | Cells |
| Which tissue type covers body surfaces and lines body cavities? | Epithelial |
| Tissue regeneration refers to? | Replacement of damaged tissue with the same type of functional cells |
| Which tissue types has the greatest regeneration capacity? | Epithelial Tissue |
| Which tissue type has very limited ability to regenerate? | Cardiac muscle |
| Replacement of damages tissue with scar tissue is called? | Fibrosis |
| Which cells play a major role in connective tissue repair and fibrosis? | Fibroblasts |
| What is a major function of epithelial tissue? | Protection and covering surfaces |
| Which characteristic is TRUE of epithelial tissue? | Cells are widely spaced with minimal extracellular matrix |
| Epitelial tissues always rest on a ? | Basement membrane |
| Which function is associated with ciliated epithelial cells? | Movement of mucus or substance across a surface |
| Which features allows epithelial tissue to rapidly repair itself? | Presence of stem cells in the basement layer |
| Hematopoietic tissus is primarily located in? | Red Bone marrow |
| Yellow bone marrow can convert back to hematopoietic tissue under? | Extreme blood loss or anemia |
| The stratum corneum is located in which part of the body? | Epidermis |
| The Stratum Corneum is the? | Outermost layer of the epidermis |
| The Stratum Corneum is thickest in? | Palms of hands and soles of feet |
| The Stratum Corneum lies directly above which layer? | Stratum Lucidum |
| What type of cell is responsible for building new bone matrix? | Osteoblast |
| Osteoclasts function primarily to? | Break down bone matrix |
| Osteocytes are located in? | Lacunae |
| Which cells act as Mechanosensors , detecting cartilage matrix ? | Osteocytes |
| Most bones of the body, including long bones , grow through which process? | Endochondral ossification |
| The process by which flat bones : Such as the skull and clavicle develop is? | Intramembranous Ossification |
| The Epiphyseal (Growth) plate allows bones to grow? | In length |
| Appositional bone growth refers to ? | Growth in width through adding bone under the periosteum |
| Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is responsible for actively dividing cartilage cell? | Zone of proliferation |
| Kyphosis is best described as a ? | Exaggerated posterior thoracic curve |
| Scoliosis involves? | A lateral curvature of the spine with possible vertebral rotation |
| Lordosis typically seen In the? | Lumbar and cervical regions |
| What conditions is commonly associated with osteoporosis in older adults? | Thoracic kyphosis |
| Excessive lumbar lordosis may be caused by? | Weak abdominal muscles |
| Osteomalacia primarily results from ? | Vitamin D deficiency leading to poor bone mineralization |
| Vertebral compression fractures are most strongly associated with? | Osteoporosis |
| What is the key difference between Osteoporosis and Osteomalacia? | Only Osteomalacia involves reduced mineralization of osteoid |
| Which of the following contributes Most to Physiological muscle fatigue during prolonged exercise? | Decreased oxygen availability |
| Lactic acid accumulation contributes to fatigue by? | Decreasing pH and interfering with enzyme activity |
| During high- intensity exercise, muscle fatigue is primarily due to? | Depletion of ATP and creatine phosphate |
| Neural fatigue occurs when? | The brain reduces stimulations to the motor neurons |
| which muscle type is involuntary and non-striated? | Smooth |
| The Primary pacemaker of the heart is the? | SA Node |
| Which hormones increase water reabsorption in the kidneys? | ADH |
| Severe blood loss initially causes? | Increased sympathetic output |
| Dynamic equilibrium refers to? | The body maintaining stability while continuously adjusting |
| What is the concept of dynamic equilibrium based on? | Homeostatic feedback mechanism |
| What is the primary function of the Spleen? | Filtration of blood and immune response |
| The thyroid gland primarily regulates? | Metabolic rate and growth |
| The Thalamus functions mainly as? | A relay station for sensory information |
| What is considered a somatic sense? | Touch |
| What information does proprioceptors provide? | Body position and movement |
| How does the Hypothalamus communicate with the pituitary? | Nerve tracts and blood vessels |
| Which hormones from the hypothalamus stimulates the thyroid pathway? | TRH |
| T3 and T4 production requires? | Iodine |
| Hematocrit is best defined as ? | Percentage of blood volume made up of RBCs |
| Hematopoiesis in adults occurs primarily in the ? | Red Bone marrow of the axial skeleton |
| A high reticulocyte count indicates what? | Increased RBC destruction or blood loss |
| Eryhropoietin is primarily produced by the ? | Kidneys |
| What makes serum differ from plasma, what does serum lack? | Clotting proteins |
| Starling's Law states that? | Stroke volume increases with increased ventricular filling |
| Fibrinolysis refers to? | Dissolution of a blood clot |
| Erythroblastosis fetalois occurs when? | Maternal antibodies attack fetal RBCs |
| Diapedesis is the process where? | WBC squeeze through capillary walls into tissues |
| Which enzyme directly breaks down fibrin? | Plasmin |
| The Protein that activates plasmin is? | tPA (Tissue Plasminogen activator) |
| Vagal Stimulaton of the heart causes? | Decreased Heart Rate |
| Autonomic inhibition of the heart Most accurately refers to? | Parasympathetic (Vagal) slowing of heart rate |
| Cardiac inhibition occurs clinically in? | Carotid sinus massage or vagal maneuvers |
| Leukocytosis refers to? | An increase in WBC count |
| What are the primary function of lymph nodes? | Filter lymph and activate immune responses |
| What pathogen is not considered a cell? | Virus |
| A major immune function of the spleen is to? | Destroy old RBCs and filter pathogens |
| The spleen also acts as a reservoir for? | Platelets |
| What is the primary function of lymphatic vessels? | Transport leaked interstitial fluid back to the bloodstream |
| Orthopnea is defined as? | Difficulty breathing when laying flat |
| Hyperpnea refers to? | Increased depth of breathing often during exercise |
| The primary function of the respiratory system is? | Gas exchange (O2 in CO2 out) |
| CO2 regulation in the respiratory system is important for? | Maintaining blood Ph |
| The plueral cavity normally contains? | Serous fluid |
| Negative pressure in the pleural cavity functions to? | Hold the lungs open against the chest wall |
| Tidal volume is? | Volume of air inhaled / exhaled in a normal breath |
| Residual volume refers to? | Air remaining after forced exhalation |
| Inspiratory reserve volume is? | Air inhaled after normal respiration |
| Vital capacity includes? | TV+IRV+ERV |
| Vital capacity represents ? | All exchangeable air in the lungs |
| During inspiration, thoracic cavity volume? | Increases |
| Boyle's law states? | Pressure and volume are inversely proportional |
| During inspiration, alveolar pressure becomes? | Less than atmospheric pressure |
| Expiration occurs when alveolar pressure is? | Higher than atmospheric |
| The first step of glucose metabolism ( Cellular respiration) is ? | Glycolsis |
| Glycolysis occurs in the? | Cytosol |
| The complete aerobic metabolism of glucose produces? | 30 - 32 ATP |
| When oxygen is absent, glucose converted to? | Lactic acid |
| The final end products of carbonhydrate digestion are? | Monosaccharides |
| What is the purpose of Peristalsis? | Propel food along the GI tract using muscular contraction |
| Peristalsis is controlled by the? | Enteric nervous system only |
| Tryspin is produced in the? | Pancreas |
| Sucrase, Lactase, and maltase are located in the? | Brush border of small intestine |
| The kidneys regulate blood pH primarily by? | Reabsorbing bicarbonate and secreting hydrogen ions |
| In acidosis , the kidney tubules respond by? | Increasing secretions of H+ and reabsorbing more HCO3- |
| Which part of the nephron is MOST responsible for hydrogen ion secretion? | Collecting duct |
| If blood pH becomes too alkaline, the kidneys will? | excrete more bicarbonate |
| Asexual Reproduction differs from sexual reproduction because it? | Produces genetically identical offspring |
| Sexual reproduction results in ? | Offspring with genetic diversity |
| The seminal vesicles contribute fluid that is? | Alkaline and rich in fructose |
| The prostate gland produces ? | A thin, milky fluid |
| Which gland produces the fluid that helps sperm survive in the vagina's acidic environment? | Prostate |
| Fertilization normally occurs in the? | Fallopian tube ( Ampulla) |
| Bulbourethral glands secrete? | A clear mucus that neutralizes acidic urine in urethra |
| Which Hormones is released when blood volume is high and promotes sodium and water excretion ? | ANP - It promotes natriuresis and diuresis to reduce blood volume. |
| Which hormones directly increases the permeability of the collecting duct of water? | ADH- It inserts aquaporin - 2 channels to allow direct water reabsorption. |
| How does ANP oppose the RAAS system in managing water balance? | ANP- lowers blood volume and blood pressure |
| Which hormones causes vasconstriction and stimulated thirst, indirectly increasing water retention? | Angiotensin II |
| What is the role of Auquaporins? | It is the presence of AQP channels that greatly increase membrane permeability to water. |
| What is Channel- mediated passive transport? | Ions or molecules move down their concentration gradients as they pass through channels. |
| What is a Carrier- mediated passive transport? | When a solute attached to a carrier binding site on one side of the membrane, the carrier changes its shape and releases the solute to the other side of the membrane. |
| What is Sodium-potassium pump? | It maintains a lower sodium concentration in intracellular fluid than in the surrounding extracellular fluid |
| What is Anabolic pathway ? | Require a net input of energy |
| What is Catabolic pathway ? | Produces a net output of energy |
Created by:
Keashona