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Stack #4582487
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Drug | chemical substance that affects the processes of the mind or body |
| Psychoactive Drug | a drug that can alter a person’s consciousness, perception, mood, or behavior |
| Intoxication | a state in which a person’s normal functioning is impaired, usually by alcohol or drugs |
| Addiction | a complex disease that disrupts the brain’s system of motivation and reward, characterized by a compulsive desire and increasing need for a substance or behavior, and by harm to the individual and/or society -only have to use it once |
| Addiction involves: | -compulsive substance use and the inability to recognize significant risk or other problems -often involves cycles of relapse and remission |
| Addictive behavior | any activities or uses of substances that are pursued compulsively for physical or psychological reward, despite unwanted physical, mental, or social consequences - behavioral characteristics, and changes in the brain |
| Tolerance | lowered sensitive to a drug so that a given dose no longer exerts the usual effects and larger doses are needed |
| Substance Misuse | the use of any substance in a manner inconsistent with with legal or medial guidelines -may be associated with adverse social, psychological, or medical consequences -use may be intermittent and with/without physical dependence |
| Withdrawal | physical and psychological symptoms that follow the interrupted use of a drug on which a user is physically dependent; symptoms may be mild or life-threatening |
| Dependence | frequent or consistent use of a drug or behavior that makes it difficult for the person to get along without it |
| Addiction starts when: | a person does something to bring pleasure or avoid pain |
| Common behaviors | potentially addictive, most who engage in them don’t develop problems because the development of an SUD includes factors like personality, lifestyle, heredity, the social and physical environment, and the nature of the substance or behavior in question |
| Behavioral Addictions | -gambling disorder -internet gaming -work addiction -compulsive buying -compulsive exercising |
| Gambling | is the only disorder listed that the DSM-5 includes as a behavioral addiction; however DSM-5 recommends addiction to internet gaming to be further studied |
| Psychoactive drugs | legal compounds such as caffeine, tobacco, alcohol and prescription drugs, as well as illegal substances such as heroin, cocaine, and mushrooms and LSD |
| Who uses psychoactive drugs? | occur at all income and education levels, all ethnic groups, and across all age groups Combo of physical, psychological, and social factors |
| High risk groups for drugs | male and young, had behavioral, emotional, or mental health issues/trauma in childhood; having impulsivity; coming from a dysfunctional family; being in a peer group that accepts drug use; and being economically disadvantaged |
| Drug overdose epidemic | from 2019-2020, drug overdose deaths rose 30%, and since 199, the number of deaths has more than quadrupled -increase in large part by rising rates of misuse and prescription and illicit opioids |
| Prescription opioids | treat moderate to severe pain -often misused because they produce euphoria -large doses or combined with other drugs, they can cause respiratory depression, coma, and death |
| Preventing overdose deaths | -improve opioid prescribing practices to reduce exposure to drugs -expand access to naloxone -provide access to treatment for people with addiction -expand programs -increase research into non-opioid treatment strategies for chronic pain |
| Kratom | plant in the coffee family, has both stimulant properties and opioid-like properties -some use it to aid opioid withdrawal and act as substitute -FDA and DEA maintain that there aren’t known medical uses and little is known about its safety |
| Overdose prevention challenged during COVID-19 | medicines, needle exchange services, and supervised drug use centers were disrupted -addiction centers closed or moved online: difficult for older or lower income people to get regular meetings -social isolation drove more people to use substances |
| Marijuana | has been legalized for both medical and recreational use in several state -use among high school seniors in 2022 was high, 20% were smoking and 14% were vaping |
| THC | main active ingredient in marijuana -THC affects the parts of the brain that control balance, coordination, and reaction time |
| Illicit drugs of concern | stimulant ADHA medications, MDMA, mushrooms and LSD, club drugs (GHB, Rohypnol, Ketamine), and psychoactive substances (synthetic marijuana, bath salts) |
| Before using drugs ask: | What are the risks involved? Is using the drug compatible with your goals? What are you ethical beliefs about drug use? What are the financial costs? Are you trying to solve deeper problems? |
| Ethyl alcohol | intoxicating ingredient in fermented liquors; a colorless, pungent liquid |
| Proof value | two times the percentage of alcohol in a beverage, measured by volume; a 100-proof beverage contains 50% alcohol |
| One drink | the amount of a beverage that typically contains about 0.6 ounce of alcohol; standard drink |
| Alcohol distribution | alcohol is absorbed into the bloodstream and is distributed throughout the body’s tissues -main site of metabolism is the liver |
| Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) | amount of alcohol in the blood in terms of weight per unit volume; used to measure intoxication -typically can metabolize 1/2 a drink an hour -drink slowly, BAC remains low -consuming more alcohol than is metabolized raises BAC |
| Effects of alcohol | -impaired judgement -weakened sensory perception -reduced inhibitions -impaired motor coordination -increased aggressiveness/hostility (40% contributes to murders, assaults, and rapes) -significant risk factor for suicide and alcohol poisoning |
| Alcohol misuse | use to a degree that causes physical damage, impairs functioning, or results in harm to others |
| Alcohol use disorder (AUD) | chronic psychological disorder characterized by excessive and compulsive drinking and measured as mild, moderate, or severe |
| Severe AUD | characterized by tolerance and withdrawal -symptoms can be life-threatening |
| Dts (delirium tremens) | state of confusion brought on by the reduction of alcohol intake in a person with alcohol use disorder; other symptoms are sweating, trembling, hallucinations, and seizures |
| Cirrhosis | disease in which the liver is severely damaged by alcohol, other toxins, or infection -digestive, cardiovascular, and psychiatric problems -cancer -asthma, gout, diabetes, recurrent infections, nutritional deficiencies, and nervous system diseases |
| Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) | group of birth defects caused by excessive alcohol consumption by the mother, including facial deformities, heart defects, and physical and cognitive deficits -most common preventable cause of developmental disabilities in the Western world |
| Fetal brain damage | excessive drinking just once during the final trimester can cause fetal brain damage -many more babies are born with alcohol-related neurodevelopment disorder (ARND) |
| Alcohol Death | Excessive alcohol consumption is a factor in several leading causes of death for Americans -half the deaths are due to chronic conditions such as cirrhosis and cancer, other half are due to a true conditions/events such as car crashes, falls, or suicide |
| Drinking and driving | -impaired judgement -slower reaction time -reduced coordination Legal limit: 0.08%, Utah: 0.05% in Utah Many states have zero-tolerance laws for drivers under 21 |
| Binge drinking | periodically drinking alcohol to the point of severe intoxication -5 drinks in a row for males, 4 for females within 2 hours -2021, 29% of Americans 18-25 reported they engaged in binge drinking in the past month |
| Tobacco | U.S. Surgeon General, smoking is the leading preventable cause of illness and death in the U.S. -480,000 Americans die prematurely -Millions suffer chronic illness (cancer and heart disease) -all forms are unsafe |
| High risk tobacco users | young adults are at highest risk for starting smoking and becoming an established smoker -vulnerable to developing mental health disorders as they transition from adolescence to adulthood, added stress of COVID-19, more started smoking |
| Nicotine | Poisonous, addictive substance found in tobacco and responsible for many effects of tobacco -tobacco user not having a steady amount of nicotine circulating in the body and going to the brain, experience muscular pain, nausea, insomnia, and headaches |
| Health hazards of cigarette smoking | -at least 69 chemicals in tobacco are linked to cancer -carbon monoxide is present in cigarette smoke in concentrations 400x greater than safety threshold -nicotine can excite or tranquilize nervous system |
| Short term of cigarette smoking | Interferes with functions of the respiratory system |
| Long term of cigarette smoking | affects both life expectancy and quality of life -smokers have at least 10 years shorter than nonsmokers |
| Cigarette smoking increases the risk of: | -cardiovascular and lung disease, osteoporosis, diabetes, cancer -tooth decay, gum disease, bad breath, colds, ulcers, hair loss, facial wrinkling, discolored teeth and fingers |
| Cigarette smoking increases the risk of: (Continued) | -menstrual disorders, early menopause, impotence, infertility, stillbirth, low birth weight -motor vehicle crashes and fire-related injuries |
| E-Cigarettes pt 1 | deliver nicotine in aerosol form, advertised as safe alternative to traditional cigarettes, hot enough to produce carcinogens and formaldehyde, diethylene glycol (antifreeze) -produce nanoparticles: inflammation leading to asthma, stroke, heart disease |
| E-Cigarettes pt 2 | -advent of e-cigs hasn’t contributed to decline of tobacco use -research tracking young people for 4 years found e-cigs were 3x more likely to become daily cigarette smokers -2018, declared vaping epidemic |
| E-Cigarettes pt 3 | -2019, 2,300 people across 49 states were sickened and 47 died from lung injury. CDC recommends to not use vaping products containing THC, any type of product containing nicotine, and sources from friends, family, or at in-person/online dealers |
| E-Cigarettes pt 4 | FDA banned refillable fruit-flavored vaping products in 2020, but teens quickly switched to disposable vaping products, which a loophole in the ban permitted |
| Cigars and Pipes | -cigar and pipe smokers are at risk for many of the health problems faced by cigarette smokers -cigars contain more nicotine and tar than cigarettes |
| Menthol cigarettes | -menthol is a bronchodilator (opens lungs’ airways making it easier for nicotine to enter bloodstream) -85% of Black smoker use this -African Americans absorb more nicotine than other groups and metabolize it more slowly -2023, FDA banned some menthol |
| Spit (smokeless) tobacco | -can be used as snuff or chewing tobacco -chewing tobacco increases risk of oral cancer -snuff increases risk of cheek and gum cancer |
| Hookahs | -smoking flavored tobacco through a water pipe has increased in popularity -a single hookah session is equivalent of smoking between 1 and 50 cigarettes |
| Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) | smoke that enters the atmosphere from the burning end of a cigarette, cigar, or pipe, as well as smoke that’s exhaled by smokers (secondhand smoke) |
| Mainstream Smoke | inhaled by a smoker and then exhaled into the atmosphere |
| Sidestream Smoke | enters the atmosphere from the burning end of a cigarette, cigar, or pipe -unfiltered, contains significantly higher concentrations of toxic and carcinogenic compounds |
| Environmental tobacco smoke | -40% of children aged 3-11 were exposed to ETS in 2018 -2019, 25% of middle and high school students reported ETS exposure in their homes |
| Third hand smoke | toxic residues and chemicals that linger on indoor surfaces, fabric, and dust can be inhaled, absorbed, or ingested |
| ETS is a known human carcinogen | -in people who don’t smoke, it causes 7,300 lung cancer deaths, and 34,000 deaths from heart disease each year, aggravates respiratory conditions -causes sudden infants death syndrome (SIDS) |
| Nonsmoker | Have right to: -breathe clean air -speak up tactfully -don’t allow smoking in your home or room -open a window -fight for a smoke-free environment -make sure schools and day cares are tobacco-free -research quitting strategies |
| Smoking and Pregnancy | -doubles chance of miscarriage -increases risk of ectopic pregnancy -causes 1,000 infant death in the U.S. each year -major risk factor in low birth weight -obesity, hyperactivity, short attention span, behavioral issues, and lower test scores |
| Giving up tobacco | requires strategy for success -some quit cold turkey, others taper off slowly -over-the counter and prescription products help many -support from others and regular exercise increase chances a smoker will stop permanently -keep track of cravings/urges |
| Action against tobacco | -restrictions such as local nonsmoking laws are effective in encouraging smokers to quit -tough anti-tobacco laws have been passed at state level, including strict advertising -states and federal government filed lawsuits for money spent on healthcare |
| Does taste come back after quitting smoking? | YES within 24-48 hours |
Created by:
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