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Med final
Med careers final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Appendicitis Etiology | Blockage of the appendix lumen, often by enlarged lymphoid follicles, a hardened piece of stool (fecalith), tumors, or abdominal trauma. |
| Appendicitis Signs and Symptoms | Dull pain near the navel that shifts to the lower right abdomen and sharpens over hours; pain worsens with movement, coughing, or deep breaths; nausea; vomiting; loss of appetite; low-grade fever; abdominal swelling; constipation or diarrhea. |
| Appendicitis Basic Treatment | Surgical removal of the appendix (appendectomy) and antibiotics to prevent or treat infection. |
| Appendicitis Preventative Measures | Most causes are not preventable, but a high-fiber diet may lower risk of fecaliths(hard poop clupts) |
| Appendicitis Risk Factors | Young age (common in teens/early 20s), male gender, family history, and dietary factors (low fiber). |
| CVA/TIA | (Cerebrovascular Accident/Transient Ischemic Attack) |
| CVA/TIA Etiology | Interruption of blood flow to the brain, caused by a blood clot (ischemic stroke/TIA) or ruptured blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke). TIA symptoms are transient, but a TIA often precedes a stroke. |
| CVA/TIA Signs and Symptoms (Use FAST) | Sudden onset of symptoms, often unilateral |
| CVA/TIA Basic Treatment | Immediate medical attention. Medications to minimize brain damage (e.g., clot-busters for ischemic stroke); procedures to restore blood flow; rehabilitation therapy; medications to prevent future events. |
| CVA/TIA Preventative Measures | Lifestyle modifications including maintaining a healthy weight, regular physical activity, quitting smoking, healthy diet, managing blood pressure, and limiting alcohol intake. |
| CVA/TIA Risk Factors | Uncontrollable |
| Muscle Cramps Etiology | Straining or overusing a muscle, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances (low potassium, magnesium, calcium), nerve compression, poor blood flow to muscles, certain medications, and underlying conditions like diabetes or liver disease. |
| Muscle Cramps Signs and Symptoms | Sudden, involuntary, painful contractions or spasms of a muscle or muscle group, often in the legs. Can involve a hard lump of muscle under the skin. |
| Muscle Cramps Basic Treatment | Stop activity, gently stretch and massage the affected muscle. Apply heat to relax the muscle, or ice afterwards for soreness. Drink water or sports drinks for hydration/electrolytes. |
| Muscle Cramps Preventative Measures | Stay well-hydrated, stretch regularly before and after exercise, avoid exercising in extreme heat, maintain good physical conditioning, and ensure adequate electrolyte intake. |
| Muscle Cramps Risk Factors | Age (older adults), poor conditioning, extreme sweating, pregnancy, certain medical conditions (diabetes, nerve/liver/thyroid illnesses), and use of some medications. |
| Sprain/Strain Etiology | Sprains are stretched or torn ligaments, often caused by falls, twists, or hits to a joint. Strains are stretched or torn muscles or tendons, caused by twisting/pulling these tissues or lifting heavy objects. |
| Sprain/Strain Signs and Symptoms | Pain, swelling, bruising, muscle spasms (strain), limited range of motion, instability (sprain), or inability to bear weight. A "pop" or tearing sensation might be felt at the time of injury. |
| Sprain/Strain Basic Treatment | RICE protocol |
| Sprain/Strain Preventative Measures | Warm-up and stretch before exercise, wear appropriate footwear and protective equipment, use proper lifting techniques, avoid training when fatigued, and avoid activities beyond current fitness level. |
| Sprain/Strain Risk Factors | Previous injury to the same area, poor conditioning, improper technique, overtraining, participating in certain sports (contact sports for strains, certain activities for sprains). |
| Bone Fractures Etiology | High-force impact, trauma, or stress (stress fractures from repetitive motion). Can also be caused by underlying medical conditions that weaken bones (e.g., osteoporosis, cancer). |
| Bone Fractures Signs and Symptoms | Severe pain, swelling, bruising, visible deformity of the limb, inability to use or bear weight on the affected part, loss of functionality, and sometimes bone protruding through the skin. |
| Bone Fractures Basic Treatment | Immobilization (cast, splint, brace), realigning the bone (reduction), pain management, and sometimes surgery with pins, plates, or rods to stabilize the bone. |
| Bone Fractures Preventative Measures | Adequate calcium and Vitamin D intake, regular weight-bearing exercise, fall prevention (especially in older adults), wearing protective gear in sports, and avoiding risk factors for osteoporosis. |
| Bone Fractures Risk Factors | Osteoporosis, age (older adults and children), poor nutrition, lack of physical activity, high-impact sports, and certain medical conditions or medications. |
| GERD | (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) |
| GERD Etiology | Chronic condition where stomach acid or bile flows back into the food pipe (esophagus), irritating the lining. Caused by a weakened or relaxed lower esophageal sphincter (LES). |
| GERD Signs and Symptoms | Burning pain in the chest (heartburn), usually after eating and worsening when lying down; regurgitation of food or sour liquid; difficulty swallowing; coughing or wheezing; chest pain (can be mistaken for MI); disrupted sleep. |
| GERD Basic Treatment | Lifestyle changes, over-the-counter medications (antacids, H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors), stronger prescription medications, and in some cases, surgery. |
| GERD Preventative Measures | Maintain a healthy weight, eat smaller meals, avoid trigger foods (fatty/fried foods, caffeine, alcohol, spicy foods), don't lie down after eating, elevate the head of the bed, and quit smoking. |
| GERD Risk Factors | Obesity, pregnancy, smoking, hiatal hernia, dry mouth, large meals, eating late at night, and trigger foods. |
| Asthma Etiology | Chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. Triggers (allergens, exercise, cold air, pollution, stress) cause the airways to swell and narrow and produce excess mucus. Exact cause is unknown but involves genetic and environmental factors. |
| Asthma Signs and Symptoms | Shortness of breath, wheezing (whistling sound when breathing), coughing (especially at night or early morning), chest tightness, and difficulty breathing. |
| Asthma Basic Treatment | Long-term control medications (inhaled corticosteroids, bronchodilators) to reduce inflammation and prevent attacks, and quick-relief inhalers (albuterol) for acute symptoms. |
| Asthma Preventative Measures | Identify and avoid triggers, follow an asthma action plan, get vaccinated for flu and pneumonia, maintain a healthy lifestyle, and use preventative medications as prescribed. |
| Asthma Risk Factors | Family history of asthma, history of allergies/hay fever (atopy), exposure to secondhand smoke or pollution, obesity, viral respiratory infections in childhood, and occupational exposures to chemicals/dust. |
| Curvatures of the Spine Etiology | Causes vary |
| Curvatures of the Spine Signs and Symptoms | Uneven shoulders/hips/waist, visible curve in the spine, leaning to one side, back pain, fatigue, breathing difficulties in severe cases, limited range of motion. |
| Curvatures of the Spine Basic Treatment | Observation for mild cases, bracing for moderate cases in adolescents, physical therapy, pain management, and surgery for severe or progressing curves. |
| Curvatures of the Spine Preventative Measures | Most forms are not preventable. Maintaining good posture, strong back muscles through exercise, and healthy bone density may help prevent or manage degenerative forms. |
| Curvatures of the Spine Risk Factors | Age (adolescence for idiopathic scoliosis, older adults for degenerative), family history, neuromuscular conditions, and being female (more likely to have progressive scoliosis). |
| Alzheimer's Disease Etiology | Progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Caused by abnormal protein deposits (amyloid plaques and tau tangles) in the brain that disrupt nerve cell function and communication, leading to brain cell death. |
| Alzheimer's Disease Signs and Symptoms | Memory loss impacting daily life (forgetting recent events, names, places), difficulty with familiar tasks, confusion with time or place, trouble with visual images/spatial relations, problems speaking/writing, poor judgment, mood/personality changes. |
| Alzheimer's Disease Basic Treatment | No cure exists. Medications (cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine) can help manage symptoms and temporarily slow progression. Management strategies include creating a safe environment, support groups, and assistance with daily living. |
| Alzheimer's Disease Preventative Measures | Healthy lifestyle choices may reduce risk |
| Alzheimer's Disease Risk Factors | Age (primary risk), family history/genetics (APOE-e4 gene), head trauma, cardiovascular disease risk factors (high BP/cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, smoking), sedentary lifestyle. |
| Parkinson's Disease Etiology | Progressive nervous system disorder. Caused by the degeneration of nerve cells in the brain (substantia nigra) that produce dopamine, a neurotransmitter essential for smooth, coordinated muscle movement. |
| Parkinson's Disease Signs and Symptoms | Tremor (usually resting tremor in a hand or limb), slowed movement (bradykinesia), rigid muscles, impaired posture and balance, loss of automatic movements (blinking, smiling), speech changes, and writing changes. |
| Parkinson's Disease Basic Treatment | No cure. Medications (Levodopa/carbidopa, dopamine agonists) can help control symptoms. Other treatments include physical therapy, occupational therapy, and sometimes deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery. |
| Parkinson's Disease Preventative Measures | Regular exercise may reduce risk. Avoiding exposure to certain toxins and pesticides might help, though evidence is limited. |
| Parkinson's Disease Risk Factors | Age (usually starts around age 60 or older), genetic factors, male gender, exposure to certain environmental toxins. |
| Huntington's Disease Etiology | Inherited genetic disorder caused by a specific mutation in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. The mutation causes a toxic protein to build up, leading to progressive breakdown (degeneration) of nerve cells in the brain. |
| Huntington's Disease Signs and Symptoms | Involuntary jerking or writhing movements (chorea) muscle problems (rigidity, contracture), slow eye movements, impaired gait/posture/balance, difficulty with speech and swallowing, cognitive issues (difficulty focusing, planning), psychiatric problems |
| Huntington's Disease Basic Treatment | No cure. Medications can help manage movement disorders, psychiatric symptoms, and mood. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and talk therapy help manage functional aspects. |
| Huntington's Disease Preventative Measures | Genetic counseling for family members at risk. There is no way to prevent the onset in individuals with the gene mutation. |
| Huntington's Disease Risk Factors | Family history is the primary risk. The presence of the gene mutation guarantees the development of the disease. |
| Cholecystitis | Inflammation of the Gallbladder |
| Cholecystitis Etiology | Usually caused by gallstones blocking the cystic duct, leading to bile buildup and inflammation. Can also be caused by tumors or infections. |
| Cholecystitis Signs and Symptoms | Severe pain in the upper right abdomen (RUQ), pain that radiates to the right shoulder or back, tenderness when the abdomen is touched, nausea, vomiting, fever, and chills. |
| Cholecystitis Basic Treatment | Hospitalization, fasting (IV fluids), antibiotics, pain medication, and often surgical removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy). |
| Cholecystitis Preventative Measures | Maintain a healthy weight, eat a healthy diet, lose weight gradually (rapid weight loss increases risk of gallstones), and exercise regularly to reduce gallstone formation. |
| Cholecystitis Risk Factors | Being female, age (older than 40), obesity, rapid weight loss, pregnancy, family history, certain ethnicities (e.g., Native American), high-fat diet, and diabetes. |
| ALS | Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |
| ALS Etiology | Progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells (motor neurons) in the brain and spinal cord. Motor neurons die, and the brain can no longer control voluntary muscle movement. Cause mostly unknown, some cases genetic. |
| ALS Signs and Symptoms | Gradual onset of muscle weakness, twitching (fasciculations), cramping, stiffness (spasticity), slurred speech, difficulty swallowing/breathing, and progressive loss of strength and coordination. |
| ALS Basic Treatment | No cure. Medications can slow progression and manage symptoms (riluzole, edaravone). Multidisciplinary care includes physical/occupational/speech/respiratory therapy, nutritional support, and assistive devices. |
| ALS Preventative Measures | None known. |
| ALS Risk Factors | Age (typically develops between 40 and 70), male gender, genetics (5-10% of cases are familial), smoking, and environmental exposure to certain toxins. |
| Meningitis Etiology | Inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Caused by viral infections (most common), bacterial infections (most severe), fungal infections, parasites, or non-infectious causes (cancer, drug allergies). |
| Meningitis Signs and Symptoms | Sudden high fever, stiff neck, severe headache, nausea/vomiting, confusion, seizures, sleepiness/difficulty waking, sensitivity to light (photophobia), and lack of appetite. |
| Meningitis Basic Treatment | Treatment depends on the cause. Bacterial requires immediate IV antibiotics and hospitalization. Viral usually improves on its own with rest and fluids. Antifungal medication for fungal type. |
| Meningitis Preventative Measures | Vaccination (Hib, pneumococcal, meningococcal vaccines), frequent handwashing, avoiding close contact with infected individuals, and maintaining a healthy immune system. |
| Meningitis Risk Factors | Skipping vaccinations, age (young children and adolescents at higher risk for certain types), living in a community setting (dorms, military bases), weakened immune system, and certain medical conditions. |
| MI | Myocardial Infarction/Heart Attack |
| MI Etiology | Blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle. Caused by a buildup of plaque (atherosclerosis) in coronary arteries, which eventually ruptures, forming a blood clot that stops blood flow. |
| MI Signs and Symptoms | Chest pain or discomfort (angina) that may feel like pressure/squeezing/fullness, pain radiating to the shoulder/arm/back/neck/jaw/stomach, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, cold sweat, fatigue, and lightheadedness. |
| MI Basic Treatment | Immediate medical attention (call 911). Medications (aspirin, nitroglycerin, clot-busters), angioplasty and stenting, or bypass surgery to restore blood flow. |
| MI Preventative Measures | Healthy diet, regular exercise, maintaining healthy weight, quitting smoking, managing high blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes. |
| MI Risk Factors | High blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, obesity, lack of exercise, unhealthy diet, age (older adults), family history, and stress. |
| Aneurysm Etiology | A bulge or ballooning in the wall of an artery, usually due to weakened blood vessel walls. Causes include high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, injury, congenital defect, or infection. |
| Aneurysm Signs and Symptoms | Often asymptomatic until they rupture. Symptoms of rupture include sudden, severe headache (brain aneurysm); sudden intense pain in abdomen/back (aortic aneurysm); nausea; vomiting; vision problems; loss of consciousness. |
| Aneurysm Basic Treatment | Watchful waiting for small, stable aneurysms. Surgery (clipping or coiling for brain; endovascular repair for aortic) to prevent rupture. Treatment for a ruptured aneurysm is emergency surgery. |
| Aneurysm Preventative Measures | Manage high blood pressure, quit smoking, eat a healthy diet, exercise regularly, and control cholesterol levels. |
| Aneurysm Risk Factors | High blood pressure, smoking, atherosclerosis, family history, age, male gender (aortic), being female (brain), drug use (esp. cocaine), and connective tissue disorders. |
| Shin Splints | Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome |
| Shin Splints Etiology | Overuse injury to the shinbone (tibia) and surrounding connective tissues/muscles. Caused by repetitive stress on the lower leg, increasing activity too quickly, running on hard surfaces, or improper footwear. |
| Shin Splints Signs and Symptoms | Aching or sharp pain along the inner edge of the shinbone, pain that worsens with exercise and improves with rest, tenderness, and sometimes mild swelling in the lower leg. |
| Shin Splints Basic Treatment | RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation), over-the-counter pain relievers, physical therapy, stretching exercises, and supportive footwear/orthotics. |
| Shin Splints Preventative Measures | Gradual increase in exercise intensity/duration, proper footwear (replace worn shoes), running on softer surfaces, cross-training, stretching, and strengthening leg muscles. |
| Shin Splints Risk Factors | Runners, athletes in high-impact sports, increase in training intensity/frequency, improper running mechanics, flat feet or high arches, and previous history of shin splints. |
| CHF | Congestive Heart Failure |
| CHF Etiology | Chronic condition where the heart muscle cannot pump blood as efficiently as it should to meet the body's needs. Caused by coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, previous heart attack, diabetes, obesity, etc. |
| CHF Signs and Symptoms | Shortness of breath (especially when lying down), fatigue, weakness, swelling in legs/ankles/feet (edema), rapid/irregular heartbeat, persistent cough or wheezing with white/pink mucus, increased need to urinate at night, chest pain. |
| CHF Basic Treatment | Medications (ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, etc.), lifestyle changes, implanted devices (pacemakers, defibrillators), or in severe cases, heart transplant. |
| CHF Preventative Measures | Manage underlying conditions (BP, diabetes, cholesterol), healthy diet (low sodium), regular exercise, quit smoking, maintain a healthy weight, and limit alcohol/fluids. |
| CHF Risk Factors | High blood pressure, coronary artery disease, previous heart attack, diabetes, certain medications, sleep apnea, congenital heart defects, viral infections affecting the heart, alcohol/drug abuse. |
| Epilepsy Etiology | Neurological disorder characterized by unprovoked, recurrent seizures. Caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Can be due to genetics, brain injury, stroke, brain tumor, infection (meningitis), or developmental disorders. |
| Epilepsy Signs and Symptoms | Seizures (can vary widely) |
| Epilepsy Basic Treatment | Medications (anti-seizure drugs) to control seizures, lifestyle management (sleep hygiene, stress reduction), surgery, or vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). |
| Epilepsy Preventative Measures | Many causes are not preventable. Preventing head injuries (helmets), preventing strokes (managing BP, cholesterol), and getting vaccinated to avoid infections (meningitis) can reduce risk. |
| Epilepsy Risk Factors | Family history, head trauma, stroke, brain infections, age (children and older adults), dementia, and history of febrile seizures in childhood. |
| Pleurisy Etiology | Inflammation of the pleura, the membranes lining the lungs and chest cavity. Caused by viral infections (most common), bacterial infections (pneumonia, tuberculosis), autoimmune disorders (lupus, rheumatoid arthritis), chest injury, or lung cancer. |
| Pleurisy Signs and Symptoms | Sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing, coughing, sneezing, or movement; shortness of breath; dry cough; fever; shoulder or back pain. |
| Pleurisy Basic Treatment | Treatment focuses on the underlying cause. Pain management (NSAIDs), antibiotics for bacterial infection, rest, and treating the primary disease. |
| Pleurisy Preventative Measures | Generally not preventable, but prompt treatment of lung infections (pneumonia) and managing autoimmune diseases can reduce the risk. |
| Pleurisy Risk Factors | Lung infections (pneumonia), autoimmune diseases, recent chest trauma or surgery, lung cancer, and other underlying lung conditions. |
| Sty Etiology | A bacterial infection (usually Staphylococcus) of an oil gland in the eyelid. Often caused by touching the eyes with unwashed hands, contaminated makeup, or a blocked gland opening. |
| Sty Signs and Symptoms | Red, painful lump on the edge of the eyelid, swelling, pain, tenderness, tearing, crusting of the eyelid margins, and a feeling that something is in the eye. |
| Sty Basic Treatment | Warm compresses several times a day to encourage drainage. Over-the-counter pain relievers. Usually heals on its own within a week. Doctor may prescribe antibiotic ointment or lance (drain) a persistent stye. |
| Sty Preventative Measures | Good hand hygiene (wash hands frequently), avoid rubbing eyes, replace old eye makeup, clean eyelids gently, manage blepharitis (eyelid inflammation). |
| Sty Risk Factors | Poor hygiene, wearing contact lenses without proper cleaning/hygiene, using old makeup, blepharitis, and certain skin conditions (rosacea). |
| Decubitus Ulcers | Bedsores |
| Decubitus Ulcers Etiology | Injury to skin and underlying tissue resulting from prolonged pressure or friction. Pressure cuts off blood flow to the skin, causing tissue damage and death. |
| Decubitus Ulcers Signs and Symptoms | Stage 1 |
| Decubitus Ulcers Basic Treatment | Relieve pressure on the affected area, wound cleaning and dressing, managing pain, antibiotics for infection, potentially surgery for severe cases. |
| Decubitus Ulcers Preventative Measures | Frequent repositioning (every 2 hours in bed), keeping skin clean and dry, using supportive surfaces (special mattresses/cushions), good nutrition and hydration, and daily skin inspection. |
| Decubitus Ulcers Risk Factors | Immobility, old age, poor nutrition/hydration, incontinence, chronic health conditions affecting blood flow (diabetes, vascular disease), spinal cord injuries, and conditions affecting mental awareness. |
| Macular Degeneration Etiology | Deterioration of the macula, the central part of the retina needed for sharp, central vision. "Dry" form (most common) caused by yellow deposits (drusen). "Wet" form caused by abnormal blood vessel growth. |
| Macular Degeneration Signs and Symptoms | Gradual or sudden loss of central vision, distorted vision (straight lines appear wavy), blurred spot in the center of vision, colors appear less bright, need for brighter light for reading. |
| Macular Degeneration Basic Treatment | No cure. "Dry" form |
| Macular Degeneration Preventative Measures | Eye exams, healthy diet (rich in green leafy vegetables, fish), quitting smoking, maintaining healthy weight/BP, wearing UV-protective sunglasses. |
| Macular Degeneration Risk Factors | Age (over 60), family history/genetics, smoking (doubles the risk), obesity, cardiovascular disease, high sun exposure. |
| Glaucoma Etiology | A group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, often caused by abnormally high pressure in the eye (intraocular pressure) due to fluid buildup. This damage can lead to irreversible vision loss and blindness. |
| Glaucoma Signs and Symptoms | Open-angle glaucoma (most common) has no early symptoms; slow, gradual peripheral vision loss over time. Angle-closure glaucoma has sudden onset (like looking through a straw) |
| Glaucoma Basic Treatment | Medications (eye drops) to lower eye pressure, laser treatment, or surgery to improve fluid drainage or reduce fluid production. |
| Glaucoma Preventative Measures | Regular comprehensive eye exams (especially after age 40), knowing your family history, and managing high blood pressure and diabetes. |
| Glaucoma Risk Factors | Age (over 60), family history, race (African Americans at higher risk for open-angle, Asians for angle-closure), high eye pressure, certain medical conditions (diabetes, heart disease, high BP), thin corneas, and steroid use. |
| Cataracts Etiology | Clouding of the eye's natural lens, which lies behind the iris and pupil. Caused by aging (most common), diabetes, injury to the eye, prolonged steroid use, genetics, or exposure to UV radiation. |
| Cataracts Signs and Symptoms | Cloudy/blurry vision, difficulty seeing at night, sensitivity to light/glare, seeing "halos" around lights, frequent changes in eyeglass prescriptions, fading or yellowing of colors, and double vision in one eye. |
| Cataracts Basic Treatment | Early on, new eyeglasses, brighter lighting, or sunglasses. When vision loss interferes with daily life, surgery to remove the cloudy lens and replace it with an artificial intraocular lens. |
| Cataracts Preventative Measures | Protecting eyes from UV light (sunglasses), quitting smoking, healthy diet (antioxidants, vitamins A, C, E), managing diabetes, and regular eye exams. |
| Cataracts Risk Factors | Age, diabetes, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, prolonged sun exposure, obesity, high blood pressure, previous eye injury/surgery, long-term steroid medication use. |
| Gout Etiology | A form of inflammatory arthritis caused by a buildup of uric acid crystals in a joint. Uric acid is a byproduct of purine breakdown in the body. |
| Gout Signs and Symptoms | Sudden, severe attacks of pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness in one or more joints, often the big toe (podagra). Attacks usually occur at night, are intense, and the joint feels hot and swollen. |
| Gout Basic Treatment | Medications (NSAIDs, colchicine, corticosteroids) to treat acute attacks. Preventative medications (allopurinol) to lower uric acid levels in the blood and prevent future flares. |
| Gout Preventative Measures | Diet low in purines (avoid red meat, shellfish, organ meats, beer/alcohol, sugary drinks), maintaining a healthy weight, drinking plenty of water, and avoiding alcohol. |
| Gout Risk Factors | Diet high in purines/fructose/alcohol, obesity, medical conditions (untreated high BP, diabetes, kidney disease), certain medications (diuretics), family history, male gender, and age. |
| Arthritis (Osteoarthritis) Etiology | Degenerative joint disease caused by the breakdown of cartilage that cushions the ends of bones. This allows bones to rub against each other, causing friction and damage. |
| Arthritis (Osteoarthritis) Signs and Symptoms | Joint pain, stiffness, tenderness, swelling, loss of flexibility/range of motion, grating sensation (crepitus), and bone spurs. Symptoms often worsen over time. |
| Arthritis (Osteoarthritis) Basic Treatment | Pain management (OTC/prescription meds), physical therapy, lifestyle changes (exercise, weight loss), joint injections, supportive devices (braces, canes), and joint replacement surgery in severe cases. |
| Arthritis (Osteoarthritis) Preventative Measures | Maintain a healthy weight (reduces joint stress), regular moderate exercise (strengthens supporting muscles), avoiding joint injuries, and protective gear during sports. |
| Arthritis (Osteoarthritis) Risk Factors | Age (risk increases with age), genetics, obesity, previous joint injury, female gender, certain occupations requiring repetitive motion, and bone deformities. |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis Etiology | Autoimmune and inflammatory disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues, particularly the lining of the joints (synovium), causing painful swelling, inflammation, and eventual bone erosion/joint deformity. |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis Signs and Symptoms | Tender, warm, swollen joints (often symmetrical and in the hands/feet), morning stiffness lasting over an hour, fatigue, fever, weight loss, and inflammation that can affect other body systems (eyes, lungs, heart). |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis Basic Treatment | No cure. Medications (NSAIDs, corticosteroids, DMARDs, biologics) to reduce inflammation and slow disease progression. Physical/occupational therapy, lifestyle changes (exercise, rest), and surgery. |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis Preventative Measures | Quitting smoking may reduce the risk and improve outcomes. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle and diet. |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis Risk Factors | Female gender, age (most common between 40s and 60s), family history/genetics, smoking (strong link), obesity, and exposure to certain environmental factors. |
| Hippocrates | Father of Medicine; established natural causes for disease, emphasized observation and diagnosis, developed the Hippocratic Oath. |
| Nightingale | Founder of modern nursing; established hygiene and sanitation standards in military hospitals, wrote "Notes on Nursing", established the first nursing school. |
| Clara Barton | Founder of the American Red Cross; known as the "Angel of the Battlefield" for providing supplies during the Civil War. |
| Laennec | Inventor of the stethoscope; advanced the diagnosis of heart and lung conditions through mediate auscultation. |
| Carson | He performed the first successful separation of craniopagus twins in 1987 and pioneered procedures like the first intra-uterine surgery on a fetal twin and hemispherectomy. |
| Van Leeuwenhoek | Father of Microbiology; invented/improved the microscope and was the first to observe microorganisms ("animalcules"). |
| 12 body systems | Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous,Endocrine,Cardiovascular,Lymphatic (Immune),Respiratory,Digestive,Urinary,Reproductive,Immune |
| Integumentary | Provides protection, regulates body temperature, and detects external stimuli. |
| Skeletal | Provides structure and support, protects internal organs, stores minerals, and produces blood cells. |
| Muscular | Enables movement (locomotion), maintains posture, and produces heat. |
| Nervous | Transmits and processes information via electrical signals, coordinating bodily functions and responses to stimuli. |
| Endocrine | Produces and secretes hormones to regulate various bodily processes, including metabolism, growth, and reproduction. |
| Cardiovascular | Transports blood, oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. |
| Lymphatic (Immune) | Defends the body against infection and disease, and returns excess fluid to the bloodstream. |
| Respiratory | Facilitates gas exchange, taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. |
| Digestive | Breaks down food into absorbable nutrients and eliminates waste. |
| Urinary | Filters waste products from the blood and expels them as urine, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance. |
| Reproductive | Responsible for producing offspring (sperm and eggs) and the production of reproductive hormones. |
| Special scences | Ears, eyes, nose, mouth :Senses , sight, smell, taste, sound, and balance |
| Temperature | 97.8°F to 99.1°F (36.5°C to 37.3°C); average 98.6°F (37°C) |
| Pulse (Heart Rate) | 60 to 100 beats per minute (bpm) for adults |
| Respirations (Breathing Rate) | 12 to 20 breaths per minute for adults |
| BP (Blood Pressure) | Systolic less than 120 mmHg AND Diastolic less than 80 mmHg (e.g., 120/80 mmHg) |
| O2Sat (Oxygen Saturation) | 95% to 100% (for most healthy adults) |
| Apnea | The temporary or periodic absence or cessation of breathing. This can occur during sleep (sleep apnea) or as a result of an underlying condition. |
| Dyspnea | The medical term for shortness of breath, difficult, or labored breathing. It is a subjective sensation of breathing discomfort that can occur in any position or with exertion. |
| Orthopnea | A specific type of dyspnea that describes shortness of breath or difficulty breathing when lying flat. The discomfort is usually relieved by sitting or standing up or by propping the head and chest up. often a significant symptom of heart failure |
| 4 Valves of the heart | tricuspid, pulmonary, Bicuspid (mitral) , and aortic valves. |
| Diaosle | Heart rests 80=diastole |
| Systole | Ventricles contract Ventricles push blood to lungs and body 120= systole |
| Platelets | Sticky proteins |
| Temperature | Measurement of heat lost and heat produced in the body. |
| Normal Temperature | 97.6°F. |
| Afebrile | Not feverish; normal temperature. |
| Febrile (Pyrexia) | Medical term for fever (99.6°F or higher). |
| Hypothermia | Body temperature below 95.0°F (too cold). |
| Hyperthermia | Body temperature above 104.0°F (too hot). |
| Time of Day Note | Temperature is typically lowest in the morning. |
| Temperature Taking Sites, Oral | (Mouth) Standard; convenient but unreliable if sick or after hot/cold foods. |
| Temperature Taking Sites, Aural | (Ear) Fastest method; less accurate if wearing a hat/headphones or sleeping on that side. |
| Temperature Taking Sites, Temporal | (Forehead) Least invasive; inaccurate if wearing a hat. |
| Temperature Taking Sites, Rectal | (Butt) Most accurate; used for babies, but invasive. |
| Temperature Taking Sites, Axillary | (Armpit) Used for babies; accuracy affected by clothing. |
| Pulse | The pressure of blood that beats against the wall of an artery as the heart beats. |
| Pulse Measurement | Measured in Beats Per Minute (BPM). |
| Pulse Characteristics, Rate | Speed of the pulse. |
| Pulse Characteristics, Rhythm | Pattern of the pulse (regular or irregular). |
| Pulse Characteristics, Volume | Strength of the pulse; can be "Bounding" (strong) or "Thready" (weak). |
| Pulse Rate Variances, Faster | Common in smaller people (neonates |
| Pulse Rate Variances, Slower | Common in larger people or athletes (40-60 bpm).(Bradycardia) |
| Pulse Sites, Apical | On the chest (auscultate with stethoscope). |
| Pulse Sites, Radial | Wrist. |
| Pulse Sites, Carotid | Neck. |
| Pulse Sites, Brachial | Mid-arm. |
| Pulse Sites, Femoral | Groin. |
| Pulse Sites, Popliteal | Back of the knee. |
| Pulse Sites, Dorsalis Pedis | Top of the foot. |
| Pulse Sites, Posterior Malleolus | Ankle. |
| Pulse Sites, Temporal | Forehead/temple. |
| Pulse Measurement, Quick Check Method | Count beats for 15 seconds and multiply by 4. |
| Pulse Deficit | The difference between the Apical pulse rate and the Radial pulse rate (Apical BPM - Radial BPM = Deficit). |
| Respiration | O2 (oxygen) in and CO2 (carbon dioxide) out. |
| Inhalation (Inspiration) | Breathing in. |
| Exhalation (Expiration) | Breathing out. |
| Cyanotic | Skin appears gray, purple, or blue due to lack of oxygen. |
| Apnea | Absence of breathing. |
| Dyspnea | Difficult or labored breathing (e.g., "dyspnea on exertion" or DOE). |
| Bradypnea | Abnormally slow breathing. |
| Tachypnea | Abnormally fast breathing. |
| Orthopnea | Inability to breathe horizontally; requires sitting straight up to breathe. |
| Cheyne-Stokes | Irregular breathing pattern, typically observed before death. |
| Rales (Crackles) | Sounds like crackling tissue paper. Breathing Sounds |
| Rhonchi | Sound like a tug boat horn or low-pitched wheezing.Breathing Sounds |
| Wheezing | A high-pitched whistling sound during breathing.Breathing Sounds |
| Blood Pressure | The pressure on arterial walls during the heart's beating cycle. |
| Systolic | Force/pressure in arteries when the left ventricle contracts (top number). |
| Diastolic | Constant pressure in arteries when the left ventricle is at rest (bottom number). |
| Blood Pressure Measurement Unit | Millimeters of Mercury (mmHg), e.g., 120/80 mmHg. |
| Pulse Pressure | The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure (usually 30–60 mmHg). |
| Blood Pressure Ranges, Normal | 100–120 Systolic / 60–80 Diastolic. |
| Pre-hypertension | 120–139 Systolic / 80–89 Diastolic. |
| Hypertension | 140–159 Systolic / 90–99 Diastolic. |
| BP Terms, Hypertension | High blood pressure; known as the "silent killer" due to lack of symptoms (risks |
| BP Terms, Hypotension | Low blood pressure (90/60 mmHg); caused by dehydration, depression, shock. |
| BP Terms, Sphygmomanometer | The instrument used with a cuff to take a blood pressure reading. |
| O2Sat (Oxygen Saturation) | The percent of oxygen in the lungs/blood. |
| Healthy Range | 95%–100%. |
| Pain | An unpleasant sensation perceived by the patient. |
| Acute Pain | Sudden and sharp pain. |
| Skin Turgor | A test for hydration |
| Risk Factors of Disease | Age, race, diet, activity level, gender. |
| Five Rights of Medication Administration | Right Pt. (Patient), Right Dose (Amount) ,Right Route (How it's given), Right Time (When it's given), Right Medicine (Medication name) |
| Tuskegee Syphilis Report, Syphilis | A very contagious sexually transmitted disease (STD). |
| Tuskegee Syphilis Report, Study Overview | A 40-year U.S. study where 399 black men with syphilis were deceptively observed but denied treatment (penicillin was withheld after 1947) to track the disease's progression. |
| Tuskegee Syphilis Report, Impact | Led to major changes in medical testing ethics, requiring informed consent and open communication with patients during studies. |
| Pathophysiology | The study of the functional changes associated with a disease or injury. |
| Types of Diseases | Categories based on origin (Congenital, Inherited, Infectious, Degenerative). |
| Congenital Disease | A condition existing at or before birth, often originating in the womb (e.g., Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, certain disabilities) . |
| Inherited Disease | A condition caused by genetic factors passed down from parents (e.g., Cystic Fibrosis, Hemophilia, Down Syndrome, Autism, Alzheimer's) . |
| Infectious Disease | A disorder caused by pathogenic organisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites (e.g., Flu, HIV, Mono, Hepatitis A/B, TB, Polio, Strep) . |
| Degenerative Disease | A condition characterized by the gradual decline of bodily structure or function over time (e.g., Arthritis, COPD, Lung/Skin Cancer, often accelerated by lifestyle factors like smoking or sun exposure). |
| The 12 Body Systems Mnemonic | RUN MRS. LIDECS |
| Cardiovascular/Circulatory System | Transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste throughout the body via the heart, blood, blood vessels, and spleen. |
| Digestive System | Physically and chemically breaks down food into usable nutrients; involves organs like the stomach and liver. |
| Muscular System | Facilitates movement, maintains posture, and provides protection; includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth (visceral) muscles. |
| Respiratory System | The system for gas exchange (breathing); includes the nose, pharynx, trachea, and lungs. |
| Skeletal System | Provides protection, structure, support, and aids in movement (bones and cartilage). |
| Nervous System | Controls and coordinates all bodily activities; includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. |
| Lymphatic System | Assists in fighting infections; composed of lymph nodes and lymph tissues. |
| Endocrine System | Produces and secretes hormones for body regulation; includes glands like the ovaries and testes. |
| Urinary System | Eliminates liquid waste (pee) from the body; composed of kidneys and bladder. |
| Reproductive System | The system responsible for procreation. |
| Integumentary System | The external protective covering (skin); regulates heat, eliminates some waste, and produces vitamin D. |
| Special Senses System | Responsible for processing sensory information (sight, smell, taste, sound, balance) via eyes, ears, nose, and mouth. |
| Cells | The basic structural and functional unit of all known living organisms. |
| Tissue | A group of connected cells that have a similar function. |
| Tissue Fluid | The fluid that surrounds cells; low levels cause dehydration. |
| Edema | Excess accumulation of tissue fluid in interstitial spaces. |
| Pitting Edema | Edema graded on a scale (e.g., 1+ to 4+) indicating severity, often related to heart or liver conditions. |
| Epithelial Tissue | Covers body surfaces, forms linings of internal organs/cavities, and forms glands; functions include protection and secretion. |
| Connective Tissue | Supports and binds body parts and organs together. |
| Soft Connective Tissue | Adipose (fat) tissue, which stores energy reserves. |
| Fibrous Connective Tissue | Forms ligaments (bone to bone) and tendons (muscle to bone), holding structures together. |
| Hard Connective Tissue | Bone and cartilage. |
| Nerve Tissue | Forms the nervous system, transmitting electrochemical signals. |
| Muscle Tissue | Responsible for movement; three types exist. |
| Skeletal Muscle | Attaches to bones to facilitate movement. |
| Cardiac Muscle | Found only in the heart wall, causing the heart to beat. |
| Visceral (Smooth) Muscle | Found within the walls of internal organs, blood vessels, and the digestive system. |
| The Heart and Circulation Heart | A muscular organ that pumps O2 and nutrient-rich blood and removes CO2 and waste. |
| Blood Composition | Consists of plasma Blood Elements |
| Platelets | Sticky cell fragments involved in clotting. |
| Endocardium | The internal lining of the heart chambers and valves. |
| Myocardium | The thick, muscular middle layer of the heart wall. |
| Pericardium | The membrane enclosing the heart, providing lubrication via serous fluid. |
| Pericarditis | Inflammation of the pericardium. |
| Auricle | An outpouching appendage of an atrium. |
| Arteries | Blood vessels that carry blood AWAY from the heart; they are muscular and elastic. |
| Veins | Blood vessels that carry blood TO the heart; contain valves to prevent backflow. |
| Septum | A muscular wall that divides the right side of the heart from the left side. |
| Chambers | The heart has four chambers |
| Path of Blood Flow | Body → Right Atrium → Tricuspid Valve → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Valve→ Pulmonary Artery → Lungs → Pulmonary Veins → Left Atrium → Mitral Valve → Left Ventricle → Aortic Valve → Aorta→ Body |
| Electrical Impulses in Heart | Cause the muscles of the heart to contract. |
| Sinoatrial Node (SA Node) | Nerve cells located in the right atrium; known as the heart's natural pacemaker. |
| SA Node Pathway | The SA node activates the AV node, which sends impulses to the Bundle of HIS, down the right and left bundle branches, and into the Purkinje fibers, causing contraction. |
| Aorta | The largest artery in the body. |
| Arterioles | Smallest arteries that connect to capillaries. |
| Superior Vena Cava | Largest vein bringing deoxygenated blood back from the upper body to the right atrium. |
| Inferior Vena Cava | Largest vein bringing deoxygenated blood back from the lower body to the right atrium. |
| Capillaries | The tiniest blood vessels forming the bridge between arteries and veins; the site of waste/nutrient exchange. |
| MI (Myocardial Infarction) | Also known as a heart attack; different from cardiac arrest. |
| Function of bones | Provides framework, supports muscles, fat, and skin, protects vital organs, provides movement via levers with muscles, produces blood cells (RBCs, WBCs, platelets), and stores calcium, phosphorus, and fats. |
| Number of bones | Approx. 206 for adults; more for children (300). Long bone |
| Short bones | Wider than they are tall (e.g., wrist carpals, ankle tarsals). |
| Flat bones | Thin, flat, and often curved (e.g., ribs, cranium, sternum). |
| Irregular bones | Odd shaped (e.g., pelvis/ilium/ischium, vertebrae). |
| Sesamoid bones | Roundish (e.g., kneecaps/patella). |
| Diaphysis | The long central shaft of a long bone. |
| Epiphysis | The end parts of a long bone (proximal and distal). |
| Medullary canal | A cavity within the diaphysis filled with yellow bone marrow, which contains cells that form leukocytes (WBCs). |
| Endosteum | A membrane covering the inside of the bone that produces some bone growth. |
| Axial skeleton | The central part of the skeleton including the skull, spinal column, ribs, and sternum (breast bone). |
| Appendicular skeleton | The extremities of the skeleton including arms, legs, shoulders, and pelvis. |
| Skull | Composed of the cranium and facial bones. |
| Cranium | The 8 bones that protect the brain. |
| Fontanels | Spaces between cranial bones at birth, known as "soft spots". |
| Sutures | Areas where cranial bones are joined together in adults. |
| Sinuses | Air spaces within bones that vibrate/resonate to give tone to the voice. |
| Foramen | Openings in bones that allow nerves and blood vessels to enter and leave. |
| Mandible | The lower jaw bone (1 bone). |
| Maxilla bones | The upper jaw bones (2 bones). |
| Zygomatic bones | The cheek bones (2 bones). |
| Spinal Column | Composed of 26 vertebrae bones that protect the spinal cord and support the head and trunk. |
| Vertebral disks | Pads of cartilage tissue between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers and allow bending. |
| Cervical vertebrae (C#) | 7 neck bones. |
| Thoracic vertebrae (T#) | 12 torso bones, where the ribs attach dorsally. |
| Lumbar vertebrae (L#) | 5 lower back bones. |
| Sacrum | 1 bone (a fusion of 5 bones). |
| Coccyx | 1 bone (the tailbone). |
| Atlas (C1) | The first cervical vertebra. |
| Axis (C2) | The second cervical vertebra. |
| Ribs | 12 pairs of bones attached to the thoracic vertebrae dorsally. |
| True Ribs (Pairs 1-7) | Attach directly to the sternum anteriorly via cartilage. |
| False Ribs (Pairs 8-12) | Connect to the cartilage of the rib above them, or not at all. |
| Floating Ribs (Pairs 11-12) | The last two pairs, not connected to anything anteriorly. |
| Specific Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton Sternum | The breast bone, divided into the manubrium, gladiolus, and xiphoid process (cartilage tip at bottom). |
| Shoulder girdle (Pectoral girdle) | Composed of the clavicle (collar bone) and scapula (shoulder blade). |
| Humerus | The upper arm bone. |
| Radius | The lower arm bone (on the outside/lateral side). |
| Ulna | The lower arm bone (on the inside/medial side). |
| Olecranon process | The bony projection of the ulna that forms the point of the elbow (the "funny bone" area). |
| Carpals | 8 wrist bones. |
| Metacarpals | 5 bones of the palm. |
| Phalanges | 14 bones in each hand (fingers) and foot (toes). |
| Pelvic Girdle | The os coxae ("hipbones") which join the sacrum and meet at the symphysis pubis. |
| Os coxae | Each hipbone consists of three fused bones |
| Obturator foramen | Opening between the ischium and pubis that allows nerves and vessels to reach the lower extremity. |
| Femur | The longest bone in the body (upper leg). |
| Patella | The kneecap (a sesamoid bone). |
| Tibia | The largest of the lower leg bones (shin bone). |
| Fibula | The smallest bone in the lower leg. |
| Tarsals | Ankle bones. |
| Calcaneus | The heel bone (largest of the tarsals). |
| Metatarsals | Bones that form the arch of the foot. |
| Joint | Two or more bones joined together. |
| Synovial (Diarthrosis) | Freely movable joints (e.g., ball and socket in shoulders/hips, hinge in knees/elbows). |
| Amphiarthrosis | Slightly movable joints (e.g., the pubic symphysis). |
| Synarthrosis | Joints that do not move (e.g., the cranial sutures). |
| Diseases and Injuries of the Skeleton Arthritis | Inflammation of the joints. |
| Osteoarthritis | Most common type; results from aging/overuse, causing pain, swelling, and stiffness (treated with meds, heat/cold, steroids). |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | An autoimmune disorder causing painful erosion of joints and connective tissue (treated with early intervention, rest, NSAIDs, joint replacement). |
| Carpal tunnel syndrome | Inflammation in the carpals causing pressure on the radial nerve, leading to pain/tingling in the thumb to middle finger (treated with splinting, medication, surgery). |
| Fractures (Fx) | A break in a bone. |
| Greenstick fracture | Bone bends and splits; common in children. |
| Simple (Closed) fracture | Broken bone with no skin damage. |
| Compound (Open) fracture | Bone breaks and pops through the skin. |
| Impacted fracture | Bones jam into each other. |
| Comminuted fracture | Bone twists, resulting in a fracture (often from skiing accidents, also called spiral fracture). |
| Depressed fracture | A broken piece of skull goes inward (head injuries). |
| Colles fracture | Distal radius breaks/dislocates, causing a lump at the wrist. |
| Transverse fracture | A break straight across the bone. |
| Linear fracture | A break along the length of the bone. |
| Oblique/Spiral fracture | A break at an angle or twisting. |
| Fracture Reduction | Process of putting the bone in proper alignment. |
| Closed Reduction | Non-surgical manipulation of the bone into position, followed by application of a cast or boot. |
| Open Reduction | Surgical repair using pins, plates, and/or screws (ORIF = Open Reduction Internal Fixation). |
| Kyphosis | Rounded posterior curvature of the thoracic spine (Hunchback) |
| Scoliosis | Lateral (snake shaped) side-to-side curvature of the spine |
| Lordosis | Anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (Sway back) |
| Muscles | Bundles of muscle fibers held together by connective tissue |
| Excitable (Characteristics) | Ability to respond to stimulus |
| Contractibility (Characteristics) | When stimulated, muscles contract |
| Extensibility (Characteristics) | Ability to be stretched out |
| Elasticity (Characteristics) | Ability to return to original position after being stretched or contracted |
| Cardiac muscle | Forms the walls of the heart and contracts to circulate blood |
| Visceral (Smooth) muscle | Found in internal organs; contracts to cause movement in these areas |
| Skeletal muscle (Voluntary) | Attaches to bones and causes body movement |
| Skeletal muscle function (Movement) | Attaches to bones to provide movement |
| Skeletal muscle function (Heat/Energy) | Produces heat and energy |
| Skeletal muscle function (Posture) | Helps maintain posture by holding the body upright |
| Skeletal muscle function (Protection) | Protects internal organs |
| Ligaments | Attach bone to bone |
| Tendons | Attach muscle to bone |
| Fascia | Tough, sheetlike membrane that covers and protects the tissue |
| Adduction | Movement towards the midline |
| Abduction | Movement away from the midline |
| Flexion | Decreases angle between two bones (bending) |
| Extension | Increases angle between two bones (straightening) |
| Rotation | Turning a body part around its own axis |
| Circumduction | Moving in a circle at a joint |
| Pronation | Turning a body part downward |
| Supination | Turning a body part upward |
| Dorsiflexion | Bending backward or bending the foot toward the knee |
| Plantar flexion | Bending forward or bending the foot away from the knee |
| Muscle tone | State of muscle readiness to act (similar to skin turgor) |
| Atrophy | Muscles not used for an extended period shrink and lose strength |
| Contracture | Severe tightening of a flexor muscle (e.g., foot drop) |
| ROM (Range of Motion) | The full movement potential of a joint |
| Active ROM | Exercises done by the patient to strengthen muscles, maintain joint function, and prevent deformities |
| Active assist ROM | Patient performs exercises with some assistance to complete the movement |
| Passive ROM | Movement done by another person; not for strength building |
| Resistive ROM | Patient resists movement done by the therapist to increase strength and endurance |
| Hypo-emia (Prefix/Suffix) | Low presence in the blood |
| Hyper-emia (Prefix/Suffix) | High presence in the blood |
| Decubitus ulcer | Bed sore |
| Stage 1+ Decubitus ulcer | Red abrasion sore |
| Stage 2+ Decubitus ulcer | Looks like a floor burn |
| Stage 3+ Decubitus ulcer | An opening/sore with a divit (crater) |
| Stage 4+ Decubitus ulcer | Goes deep, affecting muscle, skin, and bone |
| Sternocleidomastoid (Muscle) | Side of neck; moves head |
| Trapezius (Muscle) | Upper back and neck; extends head, moves shoulders |
| Deltoid (Muscle) | Shoulder; abducts arm (common injection site) |
| Biceps Brachii (Muscle) | Upper arm; flexes lower arm and supinates hand |
| Triceps Brachii (Muscle) | Upper arm; extends and abducts lower arm |
| Pectoralis Major (Muscle) | Upper chest; adducts and flexes upper arm |
| Intercostals (Muscle) | Between ribs; moves ribs for breathing |
| Rectus abdominis (Muscle) | Ribs to pubis; compresses abdomen, flexes vertebral column |
| Latissimus dorsi (Muscle) | Spine around to chest; extends and adducts upper arm |
| Gluteus maximus (Muscle) | Buttocks; extends and rotates thigh |
| Sartorius (Muscle) | Front of thigh; abducts thigh, flexes leg |
| Quadriceps femoris (Muscle) | Front of thigh; extends leg |
| Tibialis anterior (Muscle) | Front of lower leg; flexes and inverts foot |
| Gastrocnemius (Muscle) | Back of lower leg; flexes and inverts/everts the foot |
| Sacrospinalis (Erector spinae muscles) | Extends up the back; critical for back extensions |
| CPR Recognition | Check surroundings, check for vital signs, call 911 |
| CPR Compression Rate | 100 to 120 compressions per minute |
| CPR Hand Placement Landmark | Lower part of the sternum above the xiphoid process |
| CPR Compression Depth (Adult) | 2 to 2 ½ inches (approx. ⅓ depth of body) |
| CPR Compression Depth (Child/Infant) | Approximately ⅓ the depth of the body |
| CPR Key Technique | Allow the chest to recoil/return to natural position before next compression |
| AED (Automated External Defibrillator) | Device used to analyze heart rhythm and deliver an electric shock |
| Choking Implied Consent | Consent is implied when a person collapses |
| Heimlich maneuver placement (Adult) | Fist placed between the bellybutton and the xiphoid process |
| Heimlich maneuver rate | About 1 squeeze per second |
| Choking procedure if patient collapses | Check the mouth for an object, then commence CPR |
| Heimlich placement (Pregnant woman/Infant) | Performed on the lower sternum for pregnant women; specific back blows/chest thrusts for infants |
| CPR Change Operators | Change people every 2 minutes or 5 cycles |
| CPR Success Indicator | Seeing the chest rise (during breaths) or patient recovery |
| 5 Rights of Medication (Error Prevention) | Right Patient, Right Dose, Right Route, Right Time, Right Medicine |
| Surgical Errors | Wrong patient, wrong body part, surgical supplies left in patient |
| Diagnostic Errors | Wrong diagnosis and treatment, or lack of timely diagnosis/treatment |
| Nosocomial Infections | Infections acquired in a healthcare setting due to lack of proper hygiene or sterile technique |
| Autonomy (Ethics Principle) | The patient’s right to have a choice with medical issues (e.g., right to refuse treatment) |
| Beneficence (Ethics Principle) | Acting in the best interest of the patient |
| Non-maleficence (Ethics Principle) | Avoiding harm to the patient |
| Justice (Ethics Principle) | Always helping a patient (fairness in care) |
Created by:
ajbehnke