Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
pathopharm final
| Question/Term | Answer/Definition |
|---|---|
| antigen | life threatening microbes |
| innate/natural immunity | 1st line of defense, non-specific, inflammatory response and phagocytosis (2nd line of defense) |
| adaptive (acquired) immunity | 3rd line of defense, T cells & B cells (antibodies) |
| neutrophils | infection-fighting agents; usually the first to arrive on the scene of the infection; phagocytize microorganisms |
| basophils | wbc that bind immunoglobulin E and release histamine in anaphylaxis |
| eosinophils | wbc involved in allergic reaction |
| monocytes | wbc that replenish macrophages and dendritic cells in normal states and respond to inflammation by migrating to infected tissue to become macrophages and dendritic cells |
| macrophages | wbc within tissues, produced by differentiation of monocytes; phagocytize and stimulate lymphocytes and other immune cells to respond to pathogens |
| mast cells | connective tissue cells that contain histamine, heparin, hyaluronic acid, slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis, and serotonin |
| plasma cells | wbc that develop from B cells and produce large volumes of specific antibodies |
| T cells | produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus; include two major types that work to destroy antigens (regulator and effector) |
| killer T cells | T cells that destroy cells infected with viruses by releasing lymphokines that degrade cell walls |
| memory B cells | B cells that stimulate a quick response with subsequent exposures to an antigen |
| helper B ells | regulator cells that activate B cells to produce antibodies |
| NK lymphocytes | natural killer cells that destroy cancer cells, foreign cells, and virus-infected cells |
| complement | group of inactive proteins in the circulation that, when activated, stimulate the release of other chemical mediators, promoting inflammation, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis |
| histamine | released by mast cells and basophils, especially during allergic reactions, triggering the inflammatory response |
| kinins | induce vasodilation and contraction of smooth muscles |
| prostaglandins | a group of lipid compounds that have a variety of effects, including constriction or dilation of vascular smooth muscles cells, control of cell growth, and sensitization of spinal neurons to join |
| leukotrienes | fatty molecules of the immune system that contribute to contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle |
| cytokines | small cell-signaling protein molecules that are extensively involved in intracellular communication |
| tumor necrosis factor (TNF) | group of cytokines that can cause cell death |
| chemotactic factors | attract phagocytes to the area of inflammation |
| phagocytosis by neutrophils | contain injury/infection, recruit immune response, begin healing |
| interferons | type of cytokine, protects against viral infections |
| 5 characteristics of a localized inflammation | heat, redness, pain, swelling, loss of function |
| fever | occurs due to cytokines released from neutrophils and macrophages |
| leukocytosis | inflammation stimulates proliferation/release of wbc precursors in bone marrow |
| labs associated with systemic inflammation | increased fibrinogen, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
| chronic inflammation | lasts 2 weeks or longer; can be caused by foreign bodies, persistent pathogens, and autoimmune diseases |
| an injury to a vascularized tissue has occurred and activated an acute inflammatory response. what is true regarding this response? | it is nonspecific |
| antibodies | immunoglobulins, class of proteins, bind to specific antigens like lock and key and destroy them |
| cell-mediated immunity | targets are attacked directly by the immune system |
| humoral immunity | immune response mediated by antibodies |
| primary immune response | occurs when person is first exposed to antigen |
| secondary immune response | occurs with repeat exposure to antigen |
| IgG | most common antibody produced in primary and secondary immune response (mother is OG, fetus is little g) crosses placenta and creates passive immunity for neonate |
| IgM | bound to B lymphocytes in circulation; is the first to increased in the immune response (iMMediately) involved in ABO blood type incompatibility reaction |
| IgA | found in secretions like tears and saliva, in mucous membranes, GI tracts, breast milk bathes mucous membranes and protects them from microorganisms and toxins and also provides protection to neonates |
| IgE | binds to mast cells in skin and mucous membranes triggers allergic reaction response |
| IgD | found on surface of mature B cells serves as receptor for antigens, helps anchor cell membranes |
| natural active immunity | pathogens enter the body and cause illness, antibodies form (chickenpox) |
| artificial active immunity | live vaccine is injected into the body, antibodies form (measles vaccine) |
| natural passive immunity | antibodies are passed directly from mother to child to provide temporary protection (passage through placenta during pregnancy; consumption of breastmilk) |
| artificial passive immunity | antibodies are injected into the body to provide temporary protection or to minimize the severity of an infection (gamma globulin injection to treat immunological disease) |
| hypersensitivity | exaggerated or inappropriate immune response; occurs immediately or delayed |
| autoimmune | mistakes self as foreign |
| immunodeficiency | inadequate immune reaction |
| type I hypersensivity | allergic reactions, fast response |
| type II hypersensitivity | body cells directly attacked by antibodies like transfusion reactions and autoimmune diseases, immediate response |
| type III hypersensitivity | antibody complex accumulation followed by destruction like serum sickness, intermediate response |
| type IV hypersensitivity | cell mediated cytotoxicity like contact dermatitis, late/delayed response |
| antigens are molecules that react with components of the adaptive immune system. antigens that can initiate the adaptive immune response are called... | immunogens |
| an antibody, or immunoglobulin, is produced by plasma cells in response to a challenge by the immunogen. which class of antibodies is the first antibody produced during the primary response to antigen? | IgM |
| which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves tissue specific antigens? | type II |
| systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) | chronic, multisystem inflammatory disease; progressive with remissions and flares |
| what type of disease is SLE? | autoimmunity |
| human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | retrovirus; depletes the body's Th cells (CD4 cells); best predictor of prognosis is viral load |
| side effect | may develop soon after drug is initiated or not for weeks or months; may be expected and predictable; nearly unavoidable |
| adverse affect/adverse drug reactions (ADRs) | any harmful effect of a drug at a normal dose |
| toxicity | produced with excessive dosing |
| idiosyncratic effect | uncommon response |
| paradoxical effect | opposite of intended response |
| iatrogenic disease | drug-induced disease but resembles natural disease |
| physical dependence | long-term use of certain drugs |
| carcinogenic effect | can lead to cancer by damaging cell DNA |
| teratogenic effect | drug-induced birth defects |
| 5 rights | right patient, right drug, right dose, right time, right route |
| tall man letters | predniSONE vs predisoLONE |
| drug-drug interaction | can occur whenever a patient takes 2+ drugs |
| pharmacokinetic drug interactions (ADME) | altered absorption, distribution, metabolism, renal excretion |
| food-drug interactions | can occur when a patient eats a food that is incompatible with a drug |
Created by:
user-1949252