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bio

QuestionAnswer
Light-dependent reactions location In the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast.
Molecule that absorbs solar energy Chlorophyll.
Complex that contains chlorophyll Photosystem II.
Chlorophyll's reaction to light energy It becomes excited and loses an electron.
Molecule donating electrons to chlorophyll Water (H₂O).
Products of water splitting Electrons, H⁺ (protons), and O₂ (released as waste).
Electron pathway after photosystem II They travel through the electron transport chain.
What is created by protons pumped across the thylakoid membrane A proton gradient.
Importance of the proton gradient It powers ATP synthase to make ATP.
Molecule produced when H⁺ is accepted after ATP synthase NADPH.
Energy-carrying molecules from light-dependent reactions ATP and NADPH.
Location of light-independent reactions In the stroma of the chloroplast.
Another name for light-independent reactions The Calvin cycle (or carbon fixation reactions).
Main goal of the Calvin cycle To make glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆).
Gas entering the leaf through stomata CO₂.
Energy molecules driving the Calvin cycle ATP and NADPH.
What the Calvin cycle breaks to release energy The third phosphate on ATP and the hydrogen on NADPH.
Definition of carbon fixation Bonding CO₂ molecules together to form carbohydrates.
Turns of the Calvin cycle needed for one glucose Six (not required for the test per your teacher).
Balanced equation for photosynthesis 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
Reactants of photosynthesis CO₂ and H₂O.
Products of photosynthesis Glucose and O₂.
Starting molecule for cellular respiration Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆).
Overall purpose of cellular respiration To produce ATP.
Balanced cellular respiration equation C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP.
Glycolysis All organisms use it and it requires no organelles or oxygen.
Glycolysis location In the cytosol (cytoplasm).
Glycolysis type Anaerobic.
Glucose split products Two pyruvate molecules.
Carbons in pyruvate Three.
Net products of glycolysis 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate.
Pyruvate oxidation location The mitochondrial matrix.
Pyruvate conversion Acetyl-CoA.
CO₂ release in pyruvate oxidation Yes.
Energy carrier produced in pyruvate oxidation NADH.
Krebs cycle location Mitochondrial matrix.
Krebs cycle entry molecule Acetyl-CoA.
Molecules capturing energy in Krebs cycle NADH and FADH₂.
Waste gas released in Krebs cycle CO₂.
Purpose of NADH and FADH₂ To carry high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain.
ETC location The inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae).
NADH and FADH₂ release to ETC Electrons and H⁺ (protons).
ETC function Creates a proton gradient across the membrane.
Enzyme for ATP production in ETC ATP synthase.
Final electron acceptor in cellular respiration Oxygen (O₂).
Formation when oxygen accepts electrons and H⁺ H₂O.
ATP produced from ETC Around 32-34 ATP (total per glucose ~34-38 ATP).
Fermentation occurrence When no oxygen is available.
Lactic acid fermentation products Lactic acid + NAD⁺.
Alcoholic fermentation products Ethanol + CO₂ + NAD⁺.
Importance of NAD⁺ in fermentation It allows glycolysis to continue producing small amounts of ATP.
Difference between NADH and NADPH NADH = used in cellular respiration NADPH = used in photosynthesis.
ATP synthase A motor protein that spins to bond ADP + P → ATP.
Importance of cristae in mitochondria They increase surface area for the ETC, allowing more ATP production.
Effect of proton gradient failure Less ATP is made.
Created by: lreynal
 

 



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