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NUR 237 respirator 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| orthopneic position | when a person sits upright and leans slightly forward, supporting themselves with their hands, arms, or a table |
| thoracentesis | a medical procedure to remove fluid from the space between the lungs and chest wall (pleural space) |
| centesis | a medical procedure involving a surgical puncture of a body cavity or organ with a hollow needle to remove fluid or tissue |
| What is acute bronchitis? | An extension of an upper respiratory infection involving the trachea, usually viral in origin. |
| What are the early symptoms of acute bronchitis similar to? | The common cold. |
| What are common treatments for acute bronchitis? | Humidification with warm or cool moist air, cough mixtures, or bronchodilators. |
| Influenza | "the flu" a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that can range from mild to severe and sometimes lead to death |
| influenza spreads | easily by droplets and very contagious |
| What do you ask before giving a flu vaccine | are you allergic to eggs |
| when does influenza appear | 2 to 3 days after exposure |
| classic symptoms for pneumonia | high fever and chills ( can see on x-ray) |
| viral infection flu can turn into pneumonia | |
| exudate | fluid |
| Medication for pneumonia | Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim) |
| Barberry root bark | used against bacteria, fungi, and viruses as well as other organisms and is an alternative treatment for pneumonia |
| Atelectasis | collapse, of alveoli (puss) |
| TCDBq2hrs | Turn, cough, deep, breathe every 2 hours |
| Fungal infections | caused by the inhalation of the fungus or spores |
| treat fungal infections with | antifungals ending in zole |
| TB is caused by | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| infectious disease of the lung characterized by lesions within the lung tissue | TB |
| what to do if you want a job at hospital and have a positive tb skin test | get 3 chest x ray tests |
| if bump is 5mm or more after skin test | |
| if bump is greater than 10mm skin test | immigrant, iv drug user, health worker |
| TB is spread by | droplet |
| TB sign and symptoms | Cough, low-grade fever, hemoptysis |
| hemoptysis | the coughing up of blood or blood-tinged mucus from the lower respiratory tract (lungs and airways) |
| mucopurulent | mucus and puss |
| extrapulmonary TB | a form of tuberculosis that affects parts of the body outside the lungs, such as lymph nodes, bones, and the central nervous system |
| TB treatment | Last a year, Rifamate, which contains rifampin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH), and Rifater, which contains RIF, INH, and pyrazinamide (PZA) |
| DOT TB | Because of an increase in the incidence of multidrug-resistant TB, directly observed therapy (DOT) |
| pott's disease | a form of tuberculosis that infects the spine, causing symptoms like back pain, fever, weight loss, and potential neurological issues |
| Vitamin D has been found to be successful in the prevention and treatment of TB | |
| paradoxical chest | sides doesn't go up together at the same time when inhaling and exhaling |
| flail | |
| inhalation vs respiration | Respiration is a chemical process that takes place in cells to release energy. Breathing is the physical process where you inhale and exhale air in and out of your lungs. |
| sarcoidosis | A lung disease characterized by granulomas It causes fibrotic changes in the lung tissue over time, and the cause is unknown |
| Empyema | a collection of pus in the pleural space, the area between the lungs and chest wall, typically resulting from an infection like pneumonia |
| cystic fibrosis | a genetic disease that causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the body, primarily affecting the lungs, pancreas, and other organs |
| pleural effusion | the buildup of excess fluid in the space between the lungs and the chest cavity, also known as the pleura |
| Occupational Lung Disorders | Coal dust; dust from hemp, flax, and cotton processing; and exposure to silica in the air all can cause work-related lung disorders Asbestos exposure may cause a rare cancer of the chest lining called mesothelioma |
| What is pulmonary fibrosis? | A condition where severe or repeated infection or inflammation leads to scarring of lung tissue. |
| What causes pulmonary fibrosis? | Severe infection, repeated infection, or chronic inflammation. |
| What is pleuritis (pleurisy)? | An inflammation of the pleura, the lining around the lungs. |
| What conditions can cause pleuritis? | Tuberculosis (TB), pneumonia, neoplasm (tumors), and pulmonary infarction. |
| TEST Question Pleurisy | pain upon inspiration |
| How does pleuritis pain affect breathing? | It causes shallow breathing to avoid worsening the pain. |
| What is a pleural effusion? | A collection of fluid in the pleural space. |
| What is a transudative pleural effusion? | A type of pleural effusion that occurs in non-inflammatory conditions. |
| What conditions commonly cause transudative pleural effusions? | Congestive heart failure, chronic liver failure, and renal disease. |
| What is transudate? | A thin, low-protein fluid that passes from cells into interstitial spaces or through a membrane. |
| What is empyema? | An infection of the fluid in the pleural cavity that causes the exudate to become thick and purulent. |
| What type of fluid is present in empyema? | Thick, purulent exudate. |
| What organisms commonly cause empyema? | Staphylococci and streptococci. |
| Cystic fibrosis | Alpha 1 - antitrypsin gene chromosomal deficiency |
| What is bronchiectasis? | A chronic respiratory disorder where one or more bronchi are permanently dilated. |
| What is bronchiectasis thought to result from? | Frequent respiratory infections during childhood. |
| If the baby tastes salty they can have | cystic fibrosis |
| cause intestines are coated with mucus body doesn't absorb nutrient and vitamins body needs | resulting in cystic fibrosis pts to be small in weight |
| What is cystic fibrosis? | A genetic disease that causes excessive mucus production due to exocrine gland dysfunction. |
| pancreatic enzyme medication taken ac and hs | take before meals and at bedtime |
| In which population does cystic fibrosis occur most often? | It occurs most often in white individuals. |
| Which body systems/organs are affected by cystic fibrosis? | Lungs, intestines, sinuses, reproductive tract, sweat glands, and pancreas. |
| How is cystic fibrosis diagnosed? | Through history, physical exam, and a positive SWEAT TEST |
| cupping for cystic fibrosis pts | clears up mucus |
| What causes restrictive pulmonary disorders? | Decreased elasticity/compliance of the lungs or decreased ability of the chest wall to expand. |
| What types of conditions can cause restrictive lung disorders? | Disorders of the central nervous system or neuromuscular system. |
| What are some extrapulmonary causes of restrictive disorders? | Myasthenia gravis and arthritis. |
| How can skeletal abnormalities cause restrictive lung disorders? | Kyphosis or severe scoliosis can hamper lung expansion, even though lung tissue itself remains normal. |
| COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | disorders that make it harder to breath in and out overtime |
| Why is air trapping common in obstructive pulmonary disorders? | Because exhalation becomes difficult due to narrowed airways. |
| What are common types of obstructive pulmonary disorders? | Chronic bronchitis, asthma, emphysema, and atelectasis. |
| What are the two primary conditions included under COPD? | Emphysema and chronic bronchitis. |
| What is the general etiology of COPD? | Long-term exposure to irritants (such as smoking) leading to chronic airway inflammation and airflow obstruction. |
| What is the main diagnostic basis for COPD? | Clinical history, physical exam, and pulmonary function tests showing airflow limitation. |
| What medications are commonly used to treat COPD? | Bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory agents. |
| What lifestyle change is the most important for managing COPD? | Smoking cessation. |
| Complementary and Alternative Therapy for Emphysema | Ginger, cinnamon, chili, garlic (thins mucus) |
| What is cor pulmonale? | Right-sided heart failure caused by pulmonary hypertension, often a complication of COPD. |
| Why is acute respiratory failure a complication of COPD? | Severe airflow obstruction can prevent adequate gas exchange, leading to dangerously low oxygen or high carbon dioxide levels. |
| Why are peptic ulcers and GERD common complications in COPD patients? | Chronic coughing, increased abdominal pressure, and medication use (like steroids) contribute to these digestive issues. |
| What is spontaneous pneumothorax, and how is it related to COPD? | It is a sudden collapse of the lung due to ruptured air spaces (blebs or bullae), which are more common in advanced COPD. |
| lung cancer is | leading cause of death |
| What are common symptoms of asthma? | Wheezing, nighttime cough, difficulty breathing, and chest tightness. |
| What medications are used to open narrowed airways in asthma? | Bronchodilators |
| What additional medication classes may be used for asthma management? | Theophyllines or anticholinergic agents. |
| lung cancer | Chronic irritation of the epithelial tissue in the lung causes changes in cell structure. This makes the tissue more vulnerable to the carcinogens and irritants inhaled when smoking or breathing air with particulate matter. |
| What imaging tests are used in the diagnosis of lung cancer? | Chest radiograph, low-dose CT, and PET scan. |
| What diagnostic procedures help examine cells for lung cancer? | Sputum cytology and cytology of collected specimens. |
| What are the main treatments for lung cancer? | Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. |
| What is the pathophysiology of a pulmonary embolism? | A pulmonary vessel becomes blocked by a mass or clot. |
| What are common signs and symptoms of a pulmonary embolism? | Respiratory distress, dyspnea, chest pain, cough, hemoptysis, and anxiety. |
| How is a pulmonary embolism diagnosed? | Based on symptoms, risk factors, and a plasma D-dimer test. |
| What treatments are used for pulmonary embolism? | Oxygen, IV heparin, thrombolytic therapy, embolectomy, and placement of an IVC filter. |
| TEST question when someone can't breathe or cancer diagnosis first symtpm | anxiety |
| Flail chest | one side of chest goes up the other side doesn't |
| pulmonary edema | An abnormal collection of fluid in the interstitial spaces of the lung and inside the alveoli |
| Nursing care involves placing the patient in what postion for pulmonary edma | high Fowler position |
| medication giving to pts with pulmonary edema | furosemide (lasix) to remove fluid |
| Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | Results from pulmonary changes that occur with sepsis, major trauma, major surgery, or any critical illness |
| SS of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | Dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, and hypoxemia Fine, scattered crackles, hypoxemia, and respiratory alkalosis |
| Signs and symptoms of respiratory failure | restlessness, agitation, or confusion |
| What is involved in pulmonary hygiene for post-intrathoracic surgery patients? | Pulmonary hygiene includes deep breathing exercises, incentive spirometry, coughing techniques, chest physiotherapy, and suctioning if needed to prevent atelectasis and pneumonia. |
| chest tubes | alow air to come in and out chest cavity |
| When is oxygen therapy used after intrathoracic surgery? | Oxygen therapy is used to maintain adequate oxygen saturation, reduce hypoxemia, and support tissue oxygenation during recovery. |
| What is mechanical ventilation? | Mechanical ventilation is a life-support technique that helps patients breathe when they are unable to do so effectively on their own. |
| What is Pressure Support Ventilation (PSV)? | PSV is a mode where the ventilator provides a preset amount of pressure to assist each spontaneous breath, reducing the work of breathing. |
| What is Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)? | CPAP delivers a constant positive pressure throughout the breathing cycle to keep the airways open, often used for patients with obstructive sleep apnea or respiratory distress. |
| What is Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation (NPPV)? | NPPV provides ventilatory support without an invasive airway (like an endotracheal tube), using masks or nasal prongs, and is used in conditions like COPD exacerbations or acute pulmonary edema. |
| What is the main difference between invasive and noninvasive ventilation? | Invasive ventilation uses an artificial airway (endotracheal tube or tracheostomy), while noninvasive ventilation uses a mask or nasal device. |
| Preventing Ventilator-Acquired Pneumonia | Change of ventilator circuit no more often than every 48 h and washing hands before and after contact with every patient elvate head of bed 30-45 degrees |
| iatrogenic | |
| three things to do when we suspect someone has pneumonia | listen to breath sounds check sputum |
| whats the difference between bacterial and viral infections | bacterial infections are ore serious than viral |
| purpose of a bronchodilators | open up airways |
| increased posterior anterior diameter | barrel chest |
| TEST rhinoplasty pt keeps swallowing they're | bleeding |
| TEST flail chest wall movement | prioirty |
| bacterial pneuminia | |
| TEST How do you care for tracheostomy? | Cover trach in shower |
| TEST purpose of albuterol | opens up bronchial airway |
| TEST Increased anterior posterior chest diameter | Barrell chest |
| TEST how is TB spread | droplet |
| TEST difference in compresses in a nasal fracture and simusitis | nasal fracture- cold compress Sinusitis - warm compress |
| TEST When a person has a deficiency in the alpha 1 antitrypsin chromosome what condition do they have | Cystic fibrosis |
| TEST A patient expires a chest wall contusion result of being struck in the chest with a brick; the emergency department should be most concerned with? | Chest wall movement |
| TEST A client is immobilized and has been lying in bed for an extended period of time what nursing interventions to prevent pneumonia | Instruct client to deep breathe Practice scrupulous hand hygiene Assist the client to turn every 2 hours |
| TEST The nurse is caring for a 79-year-old client who has bacterial pnuemonia what should the nurse expect to find | High fever and chills |
| TEST 3 types of cattle | cows, bulls, bison, angus |
| TEST continuous positive airway pressure | pushes air into the lungs |
| TEST Why does a person with constrictive sleep apnea wake up tired the next day? | Brain is not getting enough oxygen |
| TEST what usually causes barrel chest? | COPD |
| OSA | obstructive sleep apnea- middle aged men, overweight, thick neck |
Created by:
kaimcd