Why do ligand-gated ion channels cause rapid cellular responses?

Because binding directly opens the channel without needing second messengers or enzyme activation.

How do afferent and efferent neurons differ?

Afferent neurons carry sensory information to the CNS. Efferent neurons carry motor commands from the CNS to the body.

What neurotransmitters are primarily used in the ANS?

Acetylcholine and norepinephrine.

What stimulates aldosterone release and what is its main effect?

Low blood pressure or high potassium stimulates aldosterone, which increases sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys to raise blood pressure.

How does the inner ear help with both hearing and balance?

The cochlea detects sound vibrations, while the semicircular canals sense head movement and help maintain equilibrium.

How does the structure of veins prevent backflow of blood?

Veins have one-way valves that prevent blood from flowing backward, especially in the extremities against gravity.

How do T cells and B cells differ in their function within lymph nodes?

T cells primarily attack infected or abnormal cells, while B cells produce antibodies to neutralize pathogens.

What is the role of hemoglobin in gas exchange?

Hemoglobin binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it in tissues; it also carries some CO₂ back to the lungs.

What role do gut microbiota play in digestion?

They help break down undigested carbohydrates, produce vitamins, and maintain gut health.

What is metabolic acidosis and what are common causes?

A decrease in blood pH due to increased acid or loss of bicarbonate; causes include kidney failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, or diarrhea.

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Jessica Rivera

SCI 221-07 StudyStack Set 2

Question	Answer
Why do ligand-gated ion channels cause rapid cellular responses?	Because binding directly opens the channel without needing second messengers or enzyme activation.
How do afferent and efferent neurons differ?	Afferent neurons carry sensory information to the CNS. Efferent neurons carry motor commands from the CNS to the body.
What neurotransmitters are primarily used in the ANS?	Acetylcholine and norepinephrine.
What stimulates aldosterone release and what is its main effect?	Low blood pressure or high potassium stimulates aldosterone, which increases sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys to raise blood pressure.
How does the inner ear help with both hearing and balance?	The cochlea detects sound vibrations, while the semicircular canals sense head movement and help maintain equilibrium.
How does the structure of veins prevent backflow of blood?	Veins have one-way valves that prevent blood from flowing backward, especially in the extremities against gravity.
How do T cells and B cells differ in their function within lymph nodes?	T cells primarily attack infected or abnormal cells, while B cells produce antibodies to neutralize pathogens.
What is the role of hemoglobin in gas exchange?	Hemoglobin binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it in tissues; it also carries some CO₂ back to the lungs.
What role do gut microbiota play in digestion?	They help break down undigested carbohydrates, produce vitamins, and maintain gut health.
What is metabolic acidosis and what are common causes?	A decrease in blood pH due to increased acid or loss of bicarbonate; causes include kidney failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, or diarrhea.

Created by: jrivera_20

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