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Lynda Nguyen
Physiology (SCI 221) Weeks 7 through 13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| During a(n) _______ refractory period, it is not possible to trigger another action potential | Absolute |
| Serotonin is an example of what type of neurotransmitter? | Amine or monoamine |
| During resting membrane potential, there are ____ concentrations of Na+ on the outside of the membrane, and ____ concentrations of K+ on the inside, which is maintained by the _____ pump. | high; low; sodium-potassium |
| What is the name and function of Cranial Nerve (CN) III? | Oculomotor nerve; motor function, controls internal and external eye muscles and iris, also involved in proprioception in the eyes |
| The vagus nerve (CN X) is the primary nerve in the _____ system, regulating ______ processes like heart rate, breathing, digestion, etc. | Parasympathetic; autonomic or involuntary |
| What part of the brain directly influences or inhibits the release of hormones from the pituitary? | Hypothalamus |
| What binds to cholinergic receptors? | Acetylcholine |
| Gray matter predominantly consists of cell bodies of _____ and ____ neurons, and looks like the letter _____. | Interneurons; motor; H |
| What are the three parts of the brainstem and what is its functions? | Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata; regulates basic vital, involuntary functions (breathing, blood pressure, heart rate) |
| What are examples of special senses? | Vision, olfaction, auditory, gustation |
| What types of cells in the organ of corti is involved in pitch perception? | Hair cells - type of pitch is dependent on how the hair cell is bent |
| Rods are responsible for _____ vision in ____ light conditions, and cones are responsible for _____ vision in ____ light conditions. | Black and white; low; colored; bright |
| What gland produces melatonin and regulates circadian rhythm? | Pineal gland |
| The cortex of the adrenal gland secretes what hormones? | Aldosterone (blood pressure), cortisol (stress, sugar breakdown, anti-inflammatory), androgens (sex hormones) |
| The medulla of the adrenal gland secretes what hormones? | Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) |
| ____ fibers in pain receptors are associated with sharp, localized pain | Alpha |
| What does plasma consist of? | Water and solutes (proteins, nutrients, hormones) |
| ______ pressure is localized pressure gradient needed to maintain blood flow in a tissue | Perfusion |
| What is a natural constituent of blood, acts as an antithrombin, and prevents clots from forming in vessels? | Heparin |
| What are the stages for erythropoiesis (production of red blood cells)? | Hematopoietic stem cell (starts in bone marrow), Proerythroblast, Erythroblast/Normoblast, Reticulocyte (immature RBC, 3 days in bone marrow, 1 day in blood), Erythrocyte |
| The type of _____ is responsible for blood type | Antigen |
| Monocytes and lymphocytes are what type of white blood cells? | Agranulocytes |
| Name the waves that electrocardiograms (ECG) measure | P wave (atrial depolarization, SA node starting), QRS complex (ventricular depolarization,), T wave (ventricular repolarization, ventricles relax), U wave (sometimes appears, repolarization of Purkinje fibers) |
| Which protein interferes with the ability of viruses to cause disease? | Interferon |
| Which organ includes functions of defense, hematopoiesis, red blood cell and platelet destruction, and blood reservoir? | Spleen |
| What are the functions of the lymph nodes? | Defense (filtration, phagocytosis) and hematopoiesis. |
| What is the movement of phagocytes from blood vessels to an inflammation site called? | Diapedesis |
| _____ trigger fever response, promote prostaglandin production, and change temperature setpoint in hypothalamus | Pyrogens |
| What mechanisms occur during inhalation? | External intercostal muscles contract, diaphragm flattens, thoracic volume increases, pressure inside lungs decreases |
| What mechanisms occur during exhalation? | External intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax, thoracic volume decreases, pressure inside lungs increases |
| The amount of air that is left over in the lungs during normal breathing, or ______, is called ______ | tidal volume (TV); functional residual capacity (FRV) |
| Total lung capacity (TLC) is the summation of what volumes? | Tidal Volume (TV) + Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) + Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) + Residual Volume (RV) |
| What volume helps prevent lungs from collapsing? | Residual Volume (RV) |
| Standard atmospheric pressure is _____ mm Hg. | 760 |
| _________ states that the total pressure of a mixture of non-reacting gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases | Dalton's Law |
| _____ is the act of swallowing, moving food (bolus) from mouth into stomach via esophagus | Deglutition |
| Pepsin is an enzyme that assists the digestion of ______. | Proteins |
| What muscle movement propels food forward along the GI tract? | Peristalsis |
| Saliva contains what enzyme and what is its function? | Amylase, breaks down polysaccharides to disaccharides |
| Bile is made and secreted by the _____ and stored in the ______. | Liver; gallbladder |
| The ejection of bile from the gallbladder is controlled by which hormones? | Cholecystokinin (CCK) and secretin |
| _____ is the passage of substances through the intestinal mucosa into the blood or lymph. | Absorption |
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lyndan6121