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BIOL 1951
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A population of lizards on an island experiences a hurricane that kills 90% of individuals randomly. The survivors reproduce. Which mechanism of evolution is most at play, and what long‑term genetic consequence might result? | - Genetic drift (bottleneck effect). Reduced genetic diversity, possible fixation of alleles. |
| A population of moths migrates into a neighboring population. Over time, allele frequencies in both populations shift. Which mechanism is this, and how does it affect genetic variation? | Gene flow. Increases genetic variation within populations, decreases differences between populations. |
| In a population of 1,000 frogs, 360 are green (GG), 480 are speckled (Gg), and 160 are brown (gg). Calculate allele frequencies and determine if the population is in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. | p=0.6, q=0.4 Expected genotype frequencies: GG = 0.36, Gg = 0.48, gg = 0.16. Matches observed → equilibrium. |
| - A population has allele frequencies p=0.7,q=0.3. If 9% of individuals are homozygous recessive, is the population in equilibrium? | - Expected q^2=0.09. Observed matches expected → equilibrium. If not, selection or drift is acting. |
| wo populations of squirrels are separated by a river. Over time, one population evolves larger tails for balance in windy trees, while the other evolves smaller tails for burrowing. What type of speciation is this? | Allopatric speciation (geographic isolation leading to divergent adaptations). |
| A plant species develops two flowering times (spring vs fall). Over generations, spring‑flowering plants only mate with each other, and fall‑flowering plants do the same. What type of reproductive isolation is this? | Temporal isolation (prezygotic barrier) |
| You are given a phylogenetic tree showing whales, hippos, cows, and deer. Whales and hippos share a more recent common ancestor than cows and deer. What does this imply about homologous traits in whales and hippos? | Traits shared by whales and hippos are homologous due to common ancestry, not convergent evolution. |
| A tree shows bats grouped with whales based on DNA sequences, but bats grouped with birds based on wing morphology. Which grouping is more reliable, and why? | DNA‑based grouping. Morphology can show analogous traits due to convergent evolution. |
| Antibiotic resistance in bacteria increases after widespread use of a new drug. Which evolutionary mechanism explains this, and what evidence supports it? | Natural selection. Resistant alleles confer survival advantage; observed increase in resistant strains is direct evidence. |
| Fossil evidence shows transitional forms between fish and amphibians. What does this demonstrate about macroevolution? | Supports gradual change and common ancestry, showing intermediate adaptations (e.g., limb development). |
| A volcanic eruption isolates a small group of lizards on a new island. Their allele frequencies differ significantly from the mainland population after several generations. | Founder effect |
| A population of fish shows stable intermediate body size because small fish are eaten by predators and large fish cannot hide well. | Stabilizing Selection |
| A population of flowers evolves two distinct petal colors, red and white, while pink intermediates are less successful at attracting pollinators. | Disruptive selection |
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