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bio final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Aerobic respiration | breakdown of glucose, oxygen required, high ATP yeild, slow energy yeild, starts in cyto and finishes in the mitochondria |
| Anaerobic respiration | breakdown of glucose, no oxygen, low ATP yield, starts and finishes in the cytoplasm |
| Anabolism | Synthesis of bigger molecules from smaller molecules |
| Breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules to liberate energy | Catabolism |
| What is cellular respiration | a catabolic process by which Carbohydrates are broken down and the energy released is used to make ATP. |
| Aqueous Environment | CO2 + H2O ----> H2CO3 |
| AEROBIC RESPIRATION is composed of 3 distinct processes | 1. Glycolysis 2. Citric acid cycle 3. Oxidative phosphorylation |
| When you blow (CO2) into it water and carbon-dioxide combine to produce Carbonic Acid (H2CO3) and Bromothymol blue turn | yellow |
| AUTOTROPHS- Producers | Organism that produces complex organic compounds (such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins) from simple substances present in its surroundings- like photosynthesis |
| HETEROTROPHS- Dependent on producers | Organisms that cannot produce its own food, relying instead on the intake of nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter |
| Light Reaction: | 1. Depends on light 2. Transforms light to ATP and NADPH |
| Dark Reaction/ Calvin Cycle: | 1. Independent of light 2. Uses ATP and NADPH to make glucose |
| what is chromatography | technique used to separate molecules |
| molecules will be separated based on... | a) Size b) shape c) molecular weight d) affinity to the solvent e) affinity to the solid phase f) affinity of the solvent to the solid phase |
| The wavelengths a substance absorbs is its | absorption spectrum |
| Interphase is | G1, S, G2 |
| Homologous chromosomes have the | same structure and same genes on identical loci/positions |
| Homologous chromosomes same size but of | different color to represent one coming from mother and the other one from father |
| DNA is present as | uncondensed chromatin |
| NA is contained within a | clearly defined nucleus |
| alleles are present in | pairs |
| if an individual is heterozygous, one allele is dominate over the other | and out of each pair only oen allele can be present in a gene |
| incomplete dominance is when | the heterozygous genotype results in a blended phenotype |
| f1 phenotype and genotype of a monohybrid cross showing incomplete dominance are | 100 hetero and 100 percent phenotype |
| Sex linked is when | a trait is located on one of the sex chromosomes |
| f2 phenotype and genotype of a monohybrid cross showing incomplete dominance are | typically ratioed as 1:2:1 both alleles contribute to the phenotype |
| which mednelian law will lined genes not follow and why | they dont follow the law of independence of assortment bc the physical location on the same chromosome |
| do dark reactions continue in the absense of light reactions | no because they depend on ATP and NADPH to function when light reactions run out |
| yellow orange pigment | Carotene |
| yellow pigment | Xanthophyll |
| blue green pigment | chlorophyll a |
| yellow green pigment | chlorophyll b |
| name the ATP producing reactions of photosynthesis | Light dependent reactions |
| the genetic constitution of an individual organism | genotype |
| having identical alleles of a particular gene or genes on homologous chromosomes | homozygous |
| having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes on homologous chromosomes | heterozygous |
| the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype | phenotype |
| Law of Segregation | Alleles are present in pairs. Out of each pair, only one allele can be present in a gamete |
| the F1 generation are hybrids, and are | the offspring of both parents |
| HEMEZYGOUS: | Gene present only on X chromosome and not on the shorted Y chromosome |
| All sons inherit X from mothers because to be a male they have to inherit | Y from the father |
| Dihybrids: | Cross of parents with two different traits or genes |
| a nucleotide is made up of | a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and 5 carbon sugar |
| purines have | double rings |
| DNA Single Strand is a | Alternating sugar and Phosphate (negatively charged) backbone |
| During DNA synthesis the two stands of DNA separate and each stand is used as | template to make a new complementary stand |
| The two stands of DNA separate, one stand is used as template to make mRNA on by complementary base pairing. This process is called | transcription |
| mRNA goes from the nucleus into the cytoplasm thought the | nucleopore |
| Peptide (amino acid chain) is synthesized from the mRNA on the ribosome, called | translation |
| in dna fingerprinting, | genomic DNA is extracted |
| oil is | nonpolar |
| wax is | nonpolar |
| chromatography is used to | successfully separate the photosynthetic pigments in a leaf extract |
| P sugar nitrogenous base= | Nucleotide |
| Sugar Nitrogenous base= | Nucleoside |
| pyrimidines have | single rings |
| two complementary strands of DNA are hydrogen bonded to make the | double stranded DNA helix |
| do you expect to see DNA double helix with the help of a microscope? | NO because a dna molecule is too small to be seen on a molecular level |
| why is the mRNA transpored from the nucleus to the cytplasm in eukaryotes and not prokayrotes | because transcription and translation are separated by the nuclear envelope |
| is DNA soluable in water or alchol | water |
| is the density of alcohol more or less than water | alchohol is less dense than water because it has a lower molecular sapce than water does |
| can DNA be extracted from fruits and vegtables | Yes because all living organisms are made from cells with houses DNA |
| DNA has | sugar, structures, and bases |
| RNA has | single stranded, uracil, and pyramines |
| how can you demonstrate that alcohol is less dense than water | pour alchhol onto water, and it will float on top |
| how is a nucleotide different from a nucleoside | A nucleotide has a nitrogen base and a sugar, and a nuceloside has more phosphate groups |
| G1 | active transcription and relaxed DNA |
| S phase | DNA condenses and is replicated so DNA is doubled, chromosomes stays constant (DNA replication phase) |
| G0 | cells arrested |
| G2 phase | cell divsion/repare |
| skin cells go thru | asexual division/mitosis |
| brain cells go thru | mitosis |
| The M phase of the cell cycle represents | cell divison |
| somatic cells divided by mitosis while sex cells go thru | meiotic division |
| In prohase 1.. | the thread like chromatin condenses and the chromosomes can be seen |
| Meisosis 1 is the | reduction divison |
| Metaphase 1 is | homologous pairs of chromosomes are arranged on teh metaphase plate |
| Anaphase 1 is | the homologous chromsomes move away from eachother and towards opposite ends |
| in the last stage of meiosis1, telophase 1... | overlaps with cytoplasmic divison of cytokinesis |
Created by:
ecoesfeldd