What is membrane potential?

The difference in electrical charge across a cell membrane, usually negative inside the neuron at rest (~–70 mV).

What happens during depolarization and repolarization in an action potential?

Depolarization: sodium (Na⁺) channels open, Na⁺ enters the neuron, making it more positive. Repolarization: potassium (K⁺) channels open, K⁺ exits the neuron, restoring the negative charge.

Continuous propagation vs. saltatory conduction?

Continuous: AP moves along every point of the axon, slow. Saltatory: AP jumps between nodes of Ranvier, faster, in myelinated axons.

Compare spatial and temporal summation.

Spatial: multiple neurons fire at the same time. Temporal: one neuron fires rapidly in succession.

Name one neurotransmitter from each main chemical class.

Acetylcholine (small molecule), Dopamine (monoamine), Substance P (neuropeptide), Nitric oxide (gas)

How is a memory formed?

By strengthening or weakening synapses (synaptic plasticity), often via long-term potentiation.

What is pulmonary ventilation?

The process of moving air into and out of the lungs (breathing).

What is the difference between peristalsis and segmentation in the digestive system?

Peristalsis: wave-like contractions that move food forward. Segmentation: back-and-forth contractions that mix food with digestive juices.

Name the four major pairs of plexuses and give an example nerve from each.

Cervical – phrenic nerve, Brachial – radial nerve, Lumbar – femoral nerve, Sacral – sciatic nerve

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Human Physiology

Weeks 7-13

Question	Answer
What is membrane potential?	The difference in electrical charge across a cell membrane, usually negative inside the neuron at rest (~–70 mV).
What happens during depolarization and repolarization in an action potential?	Depolarization: sodium (Na⁺) channels open, Na⁺ enters the neuron, making it more positive. Repolarization: potassium (K⁺) channels open, K⁺ exits the neuron, restoring the negative charge.
Continuous propagation vs. saltatory conduction?	Continuous: AP moves along every point of the axon, slow. Saltatory: AP jumps between nodes of Ranvier, faster, in myelinated axons.
Neurotransmitters are released at a ________ to transmit signals between neurons.	synapse
Compare spatial and temporal summation.	Spatial: multiple neurons fire at the same time. Temporal: one neuron fires rapidly in succession.
Name one neurotransmitter from each main chemical class.	Acetylcholine (small molecule), Dopamine (monoamine), Substance P (neuropeptide), Nitric oxide (gas)
How is a memory formed?	By strengthening or weakening synapses (synaptic plasticity), often via long-term potentiation.
What is pulmonary ventilation?	The process of moving air into and out of the lungs (breathing).
What is the difference between peristalsis and segmentation in the digestive system?	Peristalsis: wave-like contractions that move food forward. Segmentation: back-and-forth contractions that mix food with digestive juices.
Name the four major pairs of plexuses and give an example nerve from each.	Cervical – phrenic nerve, Brachial – radial nerve, Lumbar – femoral nerve, Sacral – sciatic nerve

Created by: Ruth M

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