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SCI 221
SET 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is resting membrane potential? | –70 mV; caused by Na⁺/K⁺ differences and K⁺ leak channels. |
| What triggers an action potential? | A stimulus reaches threshold (–55 mV). |
| What happens during depolarization? | Na⁺ rushes in; inside becomes positive. |
| What happens during repolarization? | K⁺ rushes out; membrane goes back to negative. |
| What is the refractory period? | Time when a neuron can’t fire (or needs a strong stimulus). |
| How does myelin affect signals? | Speeds them up (saltatory conduction). |
| Difference between graded and action potentials? | Graded = small, local; Action = all-or-none, travels along axon. |
| How is a neurotransmitter released? | Ca²⁺ enters axon terminal → vesicles release it. |
| What are EPSPs and IPSPs? | EPSP = excites, moves toward threshold; IPSP = inhibits, moves away from threshold. |
| How does a neuron decide to fire? | Summation of EPSPs and IPSPs. If total ≥ threshold → action potential. |
| What are the main parts of the CNS? | Brain and spinal cord. |
| What is the main job of the CNS? | To process information and make decisions. |
| What protects the CNS? | Skull, vertebrae, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). |
| What does the PNS include? | All nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. |
| What is the job of the PNS? | To carry messages between the body and the CNS. |
| What are the two major divisions of the PNS? | Sensory (brings info in) and motor (sends commands out). |
| What does the ANS control? | Automatic body functions (heart rate, breathing, digestion). |
| What are the two branches of the ANS? | Sympathetic and parasympathetic. |
| What does the sympathetic nervous system do? | “Fight or flight” — increases heart rate, breathing, energy. |
| What does the parasympathetic nervous system do? | “Rest and digest” — lowers heart rate and supports digestion. |
| What are the five main senses? | Sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch. |
| What structure allows us to see? | The eye. |
| What part of the eye focuses light? | The lens. |
| What structure detects sound? | The cochlea in the inner ear. |
| What detects taste? | Taste buds on the tongue. |
| What is the main job of the endocrine system? | To release hormones that control body functions. |
| What is a hormone? | A chemical messenger carried in the blood. |
| What gland is the “master gland”? | The pituitary gland. |
| What gland controls metabolism? | The thyroid gland. |
| What hormone lowers blood sugar? | Insulin (from the pancreas). |
| What is the main job of the heart? | To pump blood through the body. |
| How many chambers does the heart have? | Four (two atria, two ventricles). |
| Which side of the heart pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs? | The right side. |
| Which side pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body? | The left side. |
| What are the heart valves for? | They keep blood flowing in one direction. |
| What are the three main components of blood? | Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets. |
| What is the function of red blood cells? | To carry oxygen. |
| What do white blood cells do? | Fight infections. |
| What do platelets help with? | Blood clotting. |
| What is plasma? | The liquid part of blood that carries nutrients, hormones, and waste. |
| What is the main job of the lymphatic system? | To return fluid to the bloodstream and help with immunity. |
| What is lymph? | Fluid that contains water, waste, and immune cells. |
| What are lymph nodes? | Small filters that trap germs and activate immune cells. |
| What organ filters blood and removes old red blood cells? | The spleen. |
| What organ helps T cells mature? | The thymus. |
| What is the main job of the immune system? | To protect the body from pathogens. |
| What is the first line of defense? | Skin and mucous membranes. |
| What are antibodies? | Proteins that recognize and help destroy specific pathogens. |
| What type of cell attacks infected or cancerous cells? | T cells. |
| What type of cell makes antibodies? | B cells (specifically plasma cells). |
| What is the main job of the respiratory system? | To bring oxygen in and remove carbon dioxide. |
| What is the pathway of air into the lungs? | Nose → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli. |
| What muscle is the primary driver of breathing? | The diaphragm. |
| What happens during inhalation? | The diaphragm contracts, lungs expand, and air flows in. |
| What happens during exhalation? | The diaphragm relaxes and pushes air out. |
| Where does gas exchange occur? | In the alveoli of the lungs. |
| What gas moves into the blood? | Oxygen (O₂). |
| What gas moves out of the blood? | Carbon dioxide (CO₂). |
| How do O₂ and CO₂ move across the alveoli walls? | By diffusion (high → low concentration). |
| What protein carries most oxygen in the blood? | Hemoglobin (in red blood cells). |
| What is the main purpose of digestion? | To break food into small nutrients the body can use. |
| Where does digestion begin? | In the mouth (chewing + saliva). |
| What is the main organ for chemical digestion? | The small intestine. |
| What does the stomach do? | Mixes food and uses acid/enzymes to break down proteins. |
| What does bile do? | Breaks big fat droplets into smaller ones (emulsification). |
| 6. Where does most absorption occur? | In the small intestine (especially the jejunum). |
| What structures increase absorption in the small intestine? | Villi and microvilli. |
| What happens in the large intestine? | Absorbs water and forms feces. |
| How are sugars and amino acids absorbed? | They enter the blood vessels in the villi. |
| How are fats absorbed? | They enter lymphatic vessels (lacteals) before entering the bloodstream. |
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