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Animal Sci Test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| oocyte define | a cell in an ovary which may undergo division to form an egg |
| ovum define | egg |
| ova define | egg |
| what does the ovary do | produces oocytes, estrogen, and progesterone |
| what specifically in the ovary produces estrogen | the graffian follicles, which contain the developing eggs |
| what is a graffian follicle | a follicle inside the uterus that holds the developing egg, it ruptures releasing the egg during ovulation |
| what is a corpus luteum | "yellow body", what the graffian follicles develops into after releasing the egg |
| what specifically in the ovary produces progesterone | corpus luteum/yellow body |
| what does the oviduct do | transport of ova and sperm, site of fertilization |
| what is the infundibulum and where is it | finger like projections in the oviduct that guide the egg down the oviduct |
| how long does it take for the egg to travel from the oviduct to the uterus in cows and ewes | 3-5 days to travel down the remaining 2/3 of the oviduct |
| what does the uterus do | assists in sperm transport, regulates corpus luteum, site of implantation and pregnancy, expulsion of fetus |
| what is the posterior outlet of the uterus and what organ does it lead into | cervix, leads into the vagina |
| what is the cervix like during pregnancy, birth, and estrus | thick and sealed during pregnancy, thins out and loose during birth and estrus |
| what does the vagina do | copulatory organ, birth canal, urinary passageway |
| what is the consistency of the vagina like during heat and not during heat | lubricated during heat, dry when not in heat |
| what do the testicles do | produce testosterone and spermatozoa |
| the testicles are suspended from the body cavity by what cord | the spermatic cord |
| what does the epididymus do | concentrates, stores, matures, and transports spermatozoa |
| what is the epididymus like | a very long tube (95-115 ft in bulls, longer in boars and stallions) that the sperm mature in as they pass through it |
| what does the scrotum do | supports and protects the testicles, temperature control |
| what temperature should the scrotum/testicles be kept at for bulls, rams, and bucks | 3-5 degrees lower in bulls, 9-13 degrees lower in rams and goats |
| what does the vas deferens do | sperm transport, carries sperm containing fluid from the epididymus to the urethra |
| what is the urethra | large muscular canal extending from the urinary bladder |
| what are the accessory sex glands and what do they do | ampullae, seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands - add volume and nutrition to the epididymus |
| what does the penis do | organ of copulation, passageway for semen and urine |
| what is the glans penis | the free end of the penis |
| at what stages does the estrus cycle start and end | starts at expression of heat (estrus), ends at next estrus |
| what are the 3 types of estrus | polyestrus, seasonal polyestrus, and monoestrus |
| what is polyestrus and which animals exhibit it | cycle all year long - cattle and swine |
| what is seasonal polyestrus and which animals exhibit it | cycle seasonally - sheep, goats, horses |
| what is monoestrus and which animals exhibit it | experience only one heat per year OR per breeding season - dogs |
| what happens about every 20 hours after fertilization | embryonic cells duplicate and divide, causing 2, 4, 8 etc cell stages |
| what cell stage is the embryo at by the time it reaches the uterus and how long does it take | 16 to 32 cell stage, 3-4 days |
| what does the placenta do | produces progesterone, stimulates mammary gland development, and enhances fetal growth |
| how long does it take for the placenta to attach in cows | 20 to 30 days |
| how long does it take for the placenta to attach in sows | 14 to 21 days |
| how long does it take for the placenta to attach in mares | 36 to 38 days |
| how long does it take for the placenta to attach in ewes | 13 to 14 days |
| what is the chorion | fetal portion of the placenta, has many projections that protrude towards the uterus |
| what is a diffuse placenta and what animals have it | villi uniformly cover the surface of the chorion - sows and mares |
| what is a cotyledonary placenta and what animals have it | chorion has approximately 100 structures called placentomes - cows, ewes, does |
| what is a zonary placenta and what animals have it | congregation of the villi into a specific zone or band - cats and dogs |
| what is a discord placenta and what animals have it | one or two disc-like structures on the chorion - primates and rats |
| what causes dystocia | incorrect fetal position and excessive birth weight |
| HORMONE CYCLE FEMALE (LOOK AT NOTES) | HORMONE CYCLE FEMALE (LOOK AT NOTES) |
| when was AI first successful and in what species | 1780, dog |
| when did the first successful AI for horses and cattle occur | early 1900s |
| what are the advantages of AI | use of superior genetics, thousands of offspring from a single sire, std control, reduced potential for mating injury, allows use of sires that are injured or otherwise unable to mate normally, early detection of semen quality |
| what are the disadvantages of AI | increased intensity of management (detecting estrus), lower reproductive rates if done incorrectly, needs high quality disease and nutrition, trained technicians or training |
| what are the factors that success is dependent on in AI | superior estrus detection, high levels of fertility, high semen quality, skilled semen handling and insemination technique |
| what is the most common way that semen is collected and what animals is it commonly used for | artificial vagina and mounting dummy, used for bulls, stallions, rams, buck goats, and rabbits |
| how is semen collected from boars and rams | electroejaculator, a probe inserted into the rectum and through a wave of electrical pulses, ejaculation results |
| what happens after semen is collected | it is evaluated for volume, sperm concentration, motility and sperm abnormalities |
| what is a semen extender and what does it do | additives to the semen to feed it and make it last longer, often consists of milk, egg yolk, citrate buffer, and antibiotics |
| how many sperm should be in one straw of semen | 10 million motile, normal sperm |
| how long is fresh semen good for | 1-2 days |
| how long is frozen bull semen good for | indefinitely |
| what animals do not get their semen frozen and why | boars, stallions, and rams - quality of sperm decreases |
| when are cattle artificially inseminated | 12 hours after detection of heat |
| what is estrus synchronization | bringing multiple females into heat at one time |
| what is a CIDR and how does it work | Controlled Internal Drug Release, intravaginal progesterone release device in cattle |
| how is a female prepared for embryo transfer collection | given fertility drugs that cause her to superovulate (release more eggs than normal) and is inseminated with more semen than normal |
| how many eggs will a female produce in embryo transfer | 5-12 is ideal, 0-20 can occur |
| what is the conception rate for frozen embryos | 40-55% confirmed pregnancy |
| what is the conception rate for fresh embryos | 55-65% confirmed pregnancy |
| how many cows that receive embryo transfer will abort after 90 days | 2% |
| define chromosomes | rod-like bodies contained within the nucleus of the cell that carries the genetic code |
| define somatic cells | body cells, contain pairs of chromosomes |
| define mitosis | each parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells each carrying a full chromosome complement |
| define gametes | sperm and egg cells |
| define meiosis | division of gametes, result in the creation of daughter cells that carry one-half the normal number of chromosomes |
| define DNA | makes up chromosomes, serves as template for RNA |
| define RNA | carrying instructions from DNA for building proteins and performing other vital functions in the cell |
| how many pairs of chromosomes does a turkey have | 41 |
| how many pairs of chromosomes does a chicken have | 39 |
| how many pairs of chromosomes does a horse have | 32 |
| how many pairs of chromosomes does a donkey have | 31 |
| how many pairs of chromosomes does a mule have | 31 1/2 |
| how many pairs of chromosomes does a cow have | 30 |
| how many pairs of chromosomes does a goat have | 30 |
| how many pairs of chromosomes does a sheep have | 27 |
| how many pairs of chromosomes does a hog have | 19 |
| what are qualitative traits | color, horned or not, etc - tend to be controlled by a single gene pair |
| what are quantitative traits | height, weight, rate of gain - tend to be controlled by several gene pairs |
| define genome | a mapping of all genes in a chromosome |
| why is the ID of all genes important | allows for better selection of breeding stock, improvement of animal health, improving the nutritional value of animal products |
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