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Physiology 2
SCI 221-07 Physiology 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron? | -70 mV Week 7 |
| What ions contribute most to resting membrane potential? | K⁺ leaving the cell (via leak channels); Na⁺ entering slightly Week 7 |
| What maintains the resting membrane potential long-term? | Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase (3 Na⁺ out, 2 K⁺ in) Week 7 |
| What triggers an action potential? | Depolarization reaching threshold (~ -55 mV) week 7 |
| Which channels open first in an action potential? | Voltage-gated Na⁺ channels Week 7 |
| What causes repolarization? | Opening of voltage-gated K⁺ channels → K⁺ efflux Week 7 |
| What is the absolute refractory period? | Period when no stimulus can generate another action potential (Na⁺ channels inactivated) Week 7 |
| What increases conduction velocity? | Myelination & larger axon diameter Week 7 |
| What is saltatory conduction? | Action potentials “jump” between Nodes of Ranvier in myelinated axons Week 7 |
| What is a synapse? | Junction where a neuron communicates with another neuron or effector (chemical or electrical) Week 7 |
| What are the two major divisions of the nervous system? | Central CNS nad perpheral PNS Week 8 |
| What structures form the CNS? | Brain and Spinal Cord Week 8 |
| What are the divisions of the PNS? | Somatic , Autonomic , enteric NS Week 8 |
| What are the two subdivisions of the ANS? | Sympathetic (“fight or flight”) & Parasympathetic (“rest and digest”) Week 8 |
| What neurotransmitter is released by all preganglionic ANS neurons? | Acetylcholine Week 8 |
| What neurotransmitter is released by most sympathetic postganglionic neurons? | norepinephrine Week 8 |
| What neurotransmitter is released by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons? | Acetycholine Wek 8 |
| Which ANS division increases heart rate? | Sympathetic Week 8 |
| Which ANS division increases digestion? | Parasympathetic Week 8 |
| What is the function of the hippocampus? | memory formation Week 8 |
| What are the five special senses? | Vision , Hearing, tastes , smell , equilibrium Week 9 |
| What photoreceptors detect low light? | Rods Week 9 |
| . What photoreceptors detect color? | Cones Week 9 |
| What structure focuses light on the retina? | Lens Week 9 |
| What is the endocrine system’s main function? | Regulation via hormones carried in the bloodstream Week 9 |
| What gland is the “master regulator”? | pituitary gland Week 9 |
| What hormone lowers blood glucose? | insulin Week 9 |
| What hormone raises blood glucose? | Glucagon Week 9 |
| What gland secretes cortisol? | Adrenal cortex week 9 |
| Which hormones work via second messengers? | Water-soluble hormones (e.g., peptide hormones) Week 9 |
| What are the two circuits of blood flow? | Pulmonary (lungs) & systemic (body) Week 10 |
| What valve separates left atrium from left ventricle? | Mitral valve Week 10 |
| What creates the “lub-dub” heart sounds? | AV valves closing (lub) & semilunar valves closing (dub) Week 10 |
| What is stroke volume? | Amount of blood ejected per beat Week 10 |
| What is cardiac output? | HR × SV Week 10 |
| What is hematocrit? | Percentage of blood volume made of RBCs Week 10 |
| What protein carries oxygen in RBCs? | Hemoglobin Week 10 |
| What is the universal donor blood type? | O- Week 10 |
| What is the universal recipient? | AB+ Week 10 |
| What ion is essential for clotting? | Calcium Week 10 |
| Main functions of the lymphatic system: | Fluid return Fat absorption Immune surveillance Week 11 |
| What are the primary lymphoid organs? | Bone marrow & thymus Week 11 |
| What cells mature in the thymus? | T-lymphocytes Week 11 |
| What is innate immunity? | Immediate, non-specific defense (skin, macrophages, inflammation) Week 11 |
| What is adaptive immunity? | Specific, memory-forming (B cells & T cells) Week 11 |
| What do B cells produce? | Antibodies Week 11 |
| What do cytotoxic T cells do? | Kill virus-infected and cancer cells Week 11 |
| What is an antigen? | Any molecule that triggers an immune response Week 11 |
| What is inflammation’s purpose? | Limit spread of pathogens, recruit immune cells, promote healing Week 11 |
| What is the complement system? | Protein cascade enhancing inflammation & pathogen destruction Wek 11 |
| What is the primary function of the respiratory system? | Gas exchange ( O2 in , CO2 out ) Week 12 |
| . What muscle is the main driver of breathing? | Diaphragm Week 12 |
| What happens during inhalation? | Diaphragm contracts → thoracic volume ↑ → pressure ↓ → air flows in Week 12 |
| What law describes pressure-volume inverse relationship? | Boyles Law Week 12 |
| Where does gas exchange occur? | Alveoli Week 12 |
| What transports most CO₂ in blood? | Bicarbonate ions Week 12 |
| What affects hemoglobin’s O₂ affinity (Bohr effect)? | ↑CO₂, ↑H⁺, ↑temperature → ↓affinity Week 12 |
| What is tidal volume? | Normal amount of air moved each breathe Week 12 |
| What area of the brain controls breathing rhythm? | Medulla oblongata Week 12 |
| What detects changes in CO₂/pH? | Central chemoreceptors Week 12 |
| What is the main function of the digestive system? | Break down food and absorb nutrients Week 13 |
| Where does mechanical digestion begin? | Mouth ( Teeth and tongue) Week 13 |
| . What enzyme begins starch digestion? | Salivary amylase Wek 13 |
| What substance in the stomach helps protein digestion? | Pepsin Week 13 |
| What organ produces bile? | Liver Week 13 |
| What is bile used for? | Fat emulsification Week 13 |
| What organ stores bile? | Gallbladder Week 13 |
Created by:
raeonin