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Comm sci exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Boyle's law: air flows from | area of greater density to area of lower density |
| Boyle's law: relationship of volume and pressure | volume and pressure are inversely related, inc of one leads to a dec of the other |
| the two components of pleural linkage | parietal pleura (lines ribcage & diaphragm) visceral pleura (lines the lungs) |
| intrapleural space contains | the "lung juice" that creates suction between the pleuras, allowing the lungs and ribs to move together |
| pneumothorax | Air trapped between lungs and chest wall, can lead to a collapsed lung |
| Actions of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles when inhaling + effect on thoracic cavity & air | Diaphragm & intercoastals contract, thoracic cavity expands, air rushes into lungs from an area of high density to lower density |
| Actions of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles when exhaling + effect on thoracic cavity & air | Diaphragm & intercoastals relax, thoracic cavity constricts, air rushes out of lungs from an area of high density to lower density |
| Four Lung Volumes | Tidal volume Residual volume Inspiratory Reserve volume Expiratory Reserve volume |
| Four Lung Capacities | Vital capacity Functional Residual capacity Total Lung capacity Inspiratory capacity |
| Tidal inspiration vs forced inspiration | resting/quiet breathing is passive (tidal volume) and forced breathing takes effort, is an active process (inspiratory reserve volume) |
| Primary and accessory muscles of inhalation | Primary: Intercoastal, extracoastal, & diaphragm Accessory: other muscles attached to the ribcage/back/neck/abdomen; help with more demanding breathing needs like speaking/singing/etc; push the diaphragm upward |
| How does vital capacity change over the lifetime | vital capacity inc from birth to puberty, then stays pretty stable throughout adulthood |
| Major differences in breathing for life vs for speech | air intake location (nose v mouth) inhale exhale time (40/60 v 10/90) vital capacity used (10% v 20-25%) Muscle activity for exhale (passive: gravity, muscle relax, tissue elasticity v active: intercostal muscles & diaphragm) |
| Recoil forces | Passive: gravity, muscle relaxation, tissue elasticity Active: intercostal muscles & diaphragm balancing with the thoracic & abdominal muscles |
| Resting expiratory level | around 38-40% vital capacity, point where the lungs and thorax's desire to stay at rest is balanced with the chest wall's desire to spring outward |
| Difference between obstructive and restrictive lung diseases | Obstructive: narrowing or blocking of the airways due to inflammation, presence of a foreign body, or spasms of smooth muscle Restrictive: hinders lung expansion & causes loss of lung elasticity, pleura/chest wall disease, neurouscular dysfunction |
| Symptoms of dyspnea and stridor | Dyspnea: Discomfort in breathing Stridor: Audible sound occuring during inspiration and/or expiration |
| Source and filter independence | Source: vocal folds Filter: vocal tract work independently of each other |
| Phonation definition | Voicing (when the vocal folds vibrate) |
| Abduction vs adduction | Abduction: vocal folds coming apart Adduction: vocal folds coming together |
| Glottal, supraglottal, subglottal regions | Glottal: area where the vocal folds are located Supraglottal: above the vocal folds Subglottal: below the vocal folds |
| Intrinsic muscles of the larynx: what is involved in ab/adduction and tensing the vocal folds? | * Posterior cricoarytenoids: abduct VF, rotate arytenoids * Lateral cricoarytenoids: adduct VF, move forward & lower arytenoids * Interarytenoids: Adduct VF, move arytenoids together * Cricothyroid: tense VF, changing the pitch, rocks throid forward |
| Histology of vocal folds: epithelium, lamina propria, thyroarytenoid | Epithelium: stratified squamous cell Lamina Propria: 3 levels Superficial: elastic fibers Intermediate: elastic fibers & some collagen fibers Deep: collagen Thyroarytenoid: main mass of the vocal folds, muscle |
| Myoelastic Aerodynamic Theory | physical/aerodynamic forces set the VF into motion Muscles adduct VF Elasticity allows VF to contract & come together each cycle Subglottal pressure from the lungs drives each cycle |
| Principle of the Bernoulli effect | Description of fluids in motion Gas/liquid flowing through a constricted passage has increased velocity (ex: jet stream setting on hose) Causes a decrease in pressure on the inner sides of the constriction |
| Cycle of vocal fold vibration (involving subglottal pressure and Bernoulli effect) | VF adducted by muscle movement Subglottal pressure builds-up Subglottal > supraglottal pressure Pressure causes vocal folds to slightly part Pressure drops as air flows through glottis Bernouli effect draws VF together Releases air that is resonated |
| Vertical phasing, Anterior-posterior phasing | Vertical: bottom to top Anterior-posterior: front to back |
| Abduction/Adduction | Vocal folds come apart/together |
| Glottal spectrum – what does the spectral graph show? | in a glottal spectrum the spectral graph shows harmonics on the x-axis and amplitude on the y-axis |
| What contributes to changes to phonation fundamental frequency? | anatomy of vocal folds & # of vibrations per second |
| What contributes to changes to phonation intensity? | subglottal pressure |
| What layers form the cover vs body in the cover-body model/theory | |
| Why is the cover-body model/theory important in phonation | |
| Valves of the vocal tract | |
| Consonants vs Vowels | Vowels: unconstricted airflow Consonants: airflow constricted in some way |
| Consonant classifications: Place, Manner, Voicing distinctions | place: manner: voicing: |
| Vowel classifications: Tongue height vs tongue advancement | |
| Acoustic Theory of Speech Production (Source-Filter Theory of Speech Production) | |
| Independence of source/filter, source periodicity | |
| Laryngeal (Glottal) source & spectral characteristics | |
| Supraglottic source | |
| Resonance of the vocal tract Transfer function Function as a filter | |
| Formants Including rules: natural resonant frequency wavelength for a tube odd-number multiple of lowest frequency, Changes to formant frequency with length (including lip rounding) | |
| Production & Perception of Vowels Differences between vowels & consonants | |
| Sources of speech sounds | vocal fold vibration rapid pressure change turbulent flow through a constriction |
| Nearly periodic (vowels and some consonants), continuous aperiodic (consonants), transient aperiodic (consonants) | |
| Relationships of resonating cavities & volume(s) of air F1 relationships & F2 relationships, lip rounding effect | F1: controlled by tongue height (inverse) F2: controlled by tongue advancement (direct) Lip rounding lowers formants |
| Relationship of key formants for front vowels & back vowels | |
| Monothongs vs dipthongs | Monothongs: Dipthongs: two vowels with the same syllabic nuclei, smooth transition from one to the next |
| Onglide & offglide | Onglide: starting atriculation for diphthong Offglide: ending articulation for diphthong |
| Consonants Key differences in production from vowels Potential sources of sound in consonants | Consonants: constriction of air depends on articulators |
| Stops - 4 acoustic cues: silence, release burst, aspiration, voice onset time Time (be able to ID stop gap, release burst in spectrogram) | voicebar on voiced stops voiceless: gap of complete silence aperiodic sound after silence prevoicing, simultaneous,short or long lag |
| Fricatives – key acoustic markers Frication, source of sound voiced vs voiceless | wide range of frequencies frication noise |
| Affricates – acoustic features | combination of stops and fricatives frication noise, silent gap & voiced noise, release burst with fuzzy voice bar |
| Approximates Nasals – nasal murmur | Nasal murmur: very low F1, all formants low energy |
| Identify vowels vs consonants in spectrograms (key features) | Vowels: formants are wide & dark horizontal strips |
| Coarticulation: anticipatory & retentive | |
| Speaking Rate | |
| Suprasementals - definition | |
| Pitch – f0 contour Question vs statement contour | Question: f0 goes up at the end (y/n, wh- usually goes down) Statement: f0 goes down |
| Stress Duration Syllabic stress – acoustic aspects of stressed syllables Phrase prominence | |
| Physiological Measures of Speech Ultrasound Electropalatography Electromagnetic midsagittal articulograph Optoelectric Tracking |
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