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Unit 5
Sectionalism, the Civil War and Reconstruction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cotton Gin | a machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 |
| 2. Abolitionist | an individual who supported the movement to end slavery |
| 3. Underground Railroad | a system of routes along which runaway slaves were helped to escape to Canada or to safe areas in Free states |
| 4. Uncle Tom’s Cabin | a bestselling novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe, published in 1852, which portrayed slavery as a great moral evil |
| 5. Compromise of 1850 | a series of four congressional laws intended to settle the major disagreements between Free states and slave states over the slavery west expansion of slavery west |
| 6. Kansas-Nebraska Act | a law, enacted in 1854, that established the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and gave their residence the right to decide whether to allow slavery |
| 7. Fugitive Slave Act | a law enacted as part of the Compromise of 1850,designed to ensure that escaped slaves would be returned into bondage |
| 8. Bleeding Kansas | a name applied to the Kansas Territory in the years before Civil War, when the territory was a battleground between proslavery and antislavery forces |
| 9. Dred Scott v. Sanford | Court decision that ruled African Americans, enslaved or free, were not citizens of the United States and therefore did not have the right to sue in federal court. They ruled that the federal government could not prohibit slavery in the territories |
| 10. Secession | the act of withdrawing from an organization, union, or especially a political entity |
| 11. Sectionalism | loyalty to the interests of one's own region or section of the country, rather than to the country as a whole |
| 12. Raid on Harper’s Ferry | an attempt by the white abolitionist John Brown to start an armed slave revolt in 1859 by seizing a United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia |
| 13. Confederate States of America | A republic formed in February, 1861, and composed of the 11 Southern states that seceded from the United States in order to preserve slavery and states' rights |
| 14. Emancipation Proclamation | an executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, as a war measure during the American Civil War, that proclaimed the freedom of slaves in the ten states that were still in rebellion |
| 15. Reconstruction | The period, 1865-1877, during which the states that had seceded to the Confederacy were controlled by the federal government before being readmitted to the Union |
| 16. Freedmen’s Bureau | an agency of the War Department set up in 1865 to assist freed slaves in obtaining relief, land, jobs, fair treatment, and education. |
| 17. Radical Republicans | one of the congressional Republicans who, after the Civil War, wanted to destroy the political power of former slaveholders and to give African Americans full citizenship and the right to vote |
| 18. 13th Amendment | An 1865 amendment to the US Constitution that forbids slavery and forced labor except, as regards the latter, as punishment for crime |
| 19. 14th Amendment | An 1868 amendment to the US Constitution designed to give full civil and legal rights to former slaves |
| 20. 15th Amendment | An 1870 amendment to the US constitution prohibiting the restriction of voting rights “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” |
| 21. Segregation | the practice or policy of keeping people of different races, religions, etc., separate from each other |
| 22. Sharecropping | a system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on the land |
| 23. Plessy v. Ferguson | a landmark United States Supreme Court decision in the jurisprudence of the United States, upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal" |
| 24. Ku Klux Klan (KKK) | A secret society organized in the South after the Civil War to reassert white supremacy by means of terrorism |
| 25. Black Codes | A body of laws, statutes, and rules enacted by southern states immediately after the Civil War to regain control over the freed slaves, maintain white supremacy, and ensure the continued supply of cheap labor |
| 26. Jim Crow Laws | Laws enacted by Southern states and municipalities, beginning in the 1880s, that legalized segregation between blacks and whites. |
| 27. Literacy Test | an examination to determine whether a person meets the literacy requirements for voting |
| 28. Poll Tax | a tax of a fixed amount per person levied on adults and often linked to the right to vote |
| 29. Solid South | describes the electoral support of the Southern United States for Democratic Party candidates from 1877 (the end of Reconstruction) to 1964 (the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964) |
| 30. Compromise of 1877 | an alleged unofficial, unwritten agreement that settled the disputed 1876 US Presidential election and also ended the reconstruction era in the south |
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