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Foynesfr Cold War
Cold War
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Joseph Stalin | Leader of the Soviet Union (USSR) during the early Cold War. Controlled Eastern Europe and helped spread communism. |
| Harry Truman | President of the USA after WWII. Introduced the Truman Doctrine to stop communism spreading. |
| John F. Kennedy (JFK) | President of the USA during the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) when the world narrowly avoided nuclear war. |
| Nikita Khrushchev | Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis and the building of the Berlin Wall (1961). |
| Mikhail Gorbachev | Soviet leader in the 1980s who introduced reforms (Glasnost + Perestroika) which helped end the Cold War. |
| Ronald Reagan | US President in the 1980s who increased pressure on the USSR and demanded the end of the Berlin Wall. |
| Cold War | A period of tension and rivalry (1945–1991) between the USA and the USSR — no direct war, but many threats and competitions. |
| Capitalism | Political and economic system used by the USA and the West where people can own businesses and vote freely. |
| Communism | System used in the USSR where the government controls the economy and citizens have limited freedom. |
| Superpowers | The two strongest countries after WWII: the USA and the USSR. |
| Iron Curtain | Term used by Churchill to describe the invisible line dividing democratic Western Europe and communist Eastern Europe. |
| Arms Race | Competition between the USA and USSR to build the most powerful nuclear weapons. |
| Space Race | Competition to explore space — included the first satellite (Sputnik) and the Moon landing. |
| MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction) | The idea that if one side used nuclear weapons, both sides would be destroyed. |
| Yalta Conference (1945) | Meeting between US, British and Soviet leaders to decide Europe’s future after WWII — led to division of Germany. |
| Berlin Blockade (1948–1949) | USSR blocked supplies to West Berlin. The USA responded with the Berlin Airlift. |
| Berlin Wall (built 1961) | Wall built by the USSR to stop people escaping from East Berlin (communist) to West Berlin (capitalist). |
| Korean War (1950–1953) | War where communist North Korea (supported by USSR and China) fought capitalist South Korea (supported by USA). Ended in division along the 38th parallel. |
| Vietnam War (1955–1975) | The USA tried to stop communism spreading in Vietnam — the USA eventually withdrew and Vietnam became communist. |
| Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) | USSR placed nuclear missiles in Cuba. USA blockaded Cuba. Closest moment to nuclear war. |
| Fall of the Berlin Wall (1989) | Symbolic end of communist control in Eastern Europe. |
| Collapse of the Soviet Union (1991) | Official end of the Cold War. |
| NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) | Military alliance led by the USA to defend against the USSR. |
| Warsaw Pact | Communist military alliance led by the USSR in response to NATO. |
| Marshall Plan | A US programme (1947) giving money and support to rebuild Western European countries after WWII to stop them turning communist. |
| Truman Doctrine | A US policy (1947) promising to help countries resist communism with money, military support or supplies. |
| Policy of Containment | The US strategy to stop communism spreading to new countries (contain it, not roll it back). |
| Berlin Blockade (1948–1949) | |
| Causes of the Berlin Blockade | Stalin wanted to force the Western Allies (USA, Britain, France) out of West Berlin after they introduced a new currency (Deutschmark) in West Germany. He wanted full control of Berlin and to prevent a strong democratic West Germany forming. |
| Results of the Berlin Airlift | The USA and its allies flew food and supplies into West Berlin for almost a year. Stalin backed down and lifted the blockade. It increased tensions and led to the creation of two separate states: West Germany (FRG) and East Germany (GDR). |
| Causes of the Korean War (1950-53) | After WWII Korea was divided into communist North Korea (supported by USSR & China) and capitalist South Korea (supported by USA). North Korea invaded the South to unite the country under communism. |
| Results of the Korean War | The war ended in a stalemate. Korea remained divided along the 38th Parallel. Nearly 4 million people died and the Cold War became a global military conflict. |
| Causes of the Cuban Missile Crisis(1962) | After the USA failed to overthrow Castro at the Bay of Pigs invasion, Cuba turned to the USSR for support. The USSR secretly placed nuclear missiles in Cuba, close to the USA. |
| Results of the Cuban Missile Crisis | Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles from Cuba and Kennedy promised not to invade Cuba. A hotline was set up between Moscow and Washington. The world avoided nuclear war and tensions eased slightly. |
| Causes of the Vietnam War | Vietnam was divided after French rule: the communist North under Ho Chi Minh wanted to unite the country. The USA intervened because they feared the Domino Theory (if one country fell to communism, others would follow). |
| Results of the Vietnam War | The USA withdrew in 1973 and in 1975 the North won. Vietnam was united as a communist country. The war damaged US confidence and showed limits to US policy of containment. |
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