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TermDefinition
State where the electron transport chain (ETC) occurs. On the inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae).
Define oxidative phosphorylation. Production of ATP using energy released by electron transport and chemiosmosis.
State the role of NADH and FADH₂ in the ETC. They donate high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain.
Explain what happens to electrons as they move along the electron carriers. Electrons move to lower energy levels, releasing energy stepwise.
State what the released energy from electrons is used for. To pump protons (H+) from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
Describe the proton gradient. A high concentration of H+ in the intermembrane space and low concentration in the matrix.
Define chemiosmosis. Diffusion of protons through ATP synthase to generate ATP.
State the enzyme that synthesizes ATP. ATP synthase.
Explain how ATP synthase works. Protons flow down their gradient through ATP synthase, causing it to rotate and phosphorylate ADP to ATP.
State the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration. Oxygen.
Describe what oxygen becomes after accepting electrons. Oxygen combines with electrons and protons to form water.
State why oxygen is essential for the ETC. Without oxygen, electrons cannot be accepted, the chain stops, NADH cannot be oxidized, and ATP production halts.
Explain why the ETC produces the most ATP. Most ATP is generated by chemiosmosis using the proton gradient made by electron transport.
State the approximate ATP yield from oxidative phosphorylation per glucose. About 26–28 ATP.
Explain why mitochondria have many cristae. Increased surface area allows more ETC complexes and ATP synthase → more ATP production.
Explain why FADH₂ produces less ATP than NADH. FADH₂ donates electrons later in the chain, pumping fewer protons.
State the direction of proton pumping. From the matrix to the intermembrane space.
Explain what happens if the inner mitochondrial membrane is damaged. Proton gradient cannot form → ATP synthesis stops.
Created by: user-1970252
 

 



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