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cell structure

TermDefinition
Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus, have 70S ribosomes, and circular DNA; eukaryotes have a nucleus, 80S ribosomes, and membrane-bound organelles.
State the function of the nucleus. Stores genetic information as DNA and controls cell activities.
Describe the function of ribosomes. Site of protein synthesis; free ribosomes make internal proteins, bound ribosomes make secreted proteins.
Distinguish between 70S and 80S ribosomes. 70S are smaller and found in prokaryotes and mitochondria/chloroplasts; 80S are larger and found in eukaryotic cytoplasm.
State the function of the mitochondrion. Site of aerobic respiration and ATP production.
Explain the advantage of folded inner membranes (cristae) in mitochondria. Increases surface area for electron transport chain → more ATP.
State the function of the rough ER. Synthesizes and transports proteins for secretion or membranes.
State the function of the smooth ER. Synthesizes lipids, detoxifies drugs, and stores calcium.
Describe the function of the Golgi apparatus. Modifies, packages, and sorts proteins into vesicles.
Define vesicle. Small membrane-bound sac used for transport within or out of the cell.
Define lysosome. Vesicles containing digestive enzymes for breakdown of waste, old organelles, and pathogens.
State the function of chloroplasts. Site of photosynthesis; converts light energy into glucose.
Explain the role of thylakoids. Contain chlorophyll and are the site of light-dependent reactions.
Explain the role of the stroma. Fluid containing enzymes for the Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions).
Define cytoskeleton. Network of protein filaments that maintains cell shape and enables movement.
State the function of the cell membrane. Controls entry and exit of substances; maintains homeostasis.
Define selectively permeable. Allows some substances to pass but not others based on size, polarity, and charge.
State the function of the cell wall in plants. Provides structural support, prevents excessive water uptake, made of cellulose.
Distinguish between plant and animal cells. Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and large vacuoles; animal cells do not.
Define vacuole. A membrane-bound compartment that stores water, ions, and nutrients; large in plants.
Describe the function of centrioles. Organize spindle fibers during cell division in animal cells.
Define extracellular matrix (ECM). Network of glycoproteins outside animal cells providing support and anchoring.
State one example of a cell junction. Tight junctions, gap junctions, or desmosomes.
Describe binary fission in prokaryotes. Asexual reproduction where the cell duplicates DNA and splits into two identical cells.
State one structure unique to prokaryotes. Pili, plasmids, capsule, nucleoid region.
State the function of pili. Attachment to surfaces and exchange of DNA during conjugation.
Define plasmid. Small circular DNA molecules found in prokaryotes that carry extra genes (e.g., antibiotic resistance).
Created by: user-1970252
 

 



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