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Final

QuestionAnswer
What is the primary function of blood? Transport oxygen
What are the formed elements of blood? RBCs
What protein gives RBCs their oxygen-carrying ability? Hemoglobin.
What hormone stimulates RBC production? Erythropoietin (EPO) from the kidneys.
What is hematocrit? Percentage of blood volume occupied by RBCs.
Which vessel carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body? Aorta.
What is systole? Heart contraction.
What is diastole? Heart relaxation.
What node is the heart’s natural pacemaker? SA (sinoatrial) node.
What is cardiac output? Stroke volume × heart rate.
What is the function of the lymphatic system? Fluid balance and immunity.
What are lymph nodes? Filters that trap pathogens before returning fluid to blood.
What is the primary function of the spleen? Filters blood
What is innate immunity? Nonspecific
What is adaptive immunity? Specific learned defense involving T cells
What is external respiration? Gas exchange between lungs and blood.
What is internal respiration? Gas exchange between blood and tissues.
What is tidal volume? Air moved in one normal breath (~500 mL).
What is vital capacity? Max air exhaled after max inhalation.
What structure prevents food from entering the trachea? Epiglottis.
Where does gas exchange occur? Alveoli.
What drives breathing? Rising CO₂ levels detected by the medulla oblongata.
What are the accessory organs of digestion? Liver
What is peristalsis? Wave-like contractions that move food through the GI tract.
Where does most nutrient absorption occur? Small intestine
What is the function of bile? Emulsifies fats for digestion.
What enzymes does the pancreas produce? Lipase
What is glomerular filtration? Blood plasma filtered into the renal tubule.
What is the functional unit of the kidney? Nephron.
Where is most water reabsorbed? Proximal convoluted tubule.
What hormone increases water reabsorption in the kidneys? ADH (antidiuretic hormone).
What hormone increases sodium reabsorption? Aldosterone.
What is metabolic acidosis? Low pH caused by increased H+ or low bicarbonate.
What is metabolic alkalosis? High pH caused by excess bicarbonate or loss of H+.
What is the primary male sex organ? Testes.
What is the primary female sex organ? Ovaries.
Where does fertilization usually occur? Fallopian tube (ampulla).
What hormone maintains early pregnancy? hCG from the embryo.
What is the placenta? Organ that exchanges oxygen
What are the three stages of labor? Dilation
What is meiosis? Cell division that produces gametes with half the chromosome number.
What is mitosis? Cell division producing identical daughter cells.
What vessel carries oxygenated blood to the fetus? Umbilical vein.
What is surfactant? Substance that prevents alveoli from collapsing in newborns.
What is a gene? A segment of DNA that codes for a protein.
What is homeostasis? Maintaining stable internal environment.
What is the function of the endocrine system? Secrete hormones that regulate body functions.
What gland secretes T3 and T4? Thyroid gland.
What is cortisol? Stress hormone that increases glucose and suppresses inflammation.
Long-term steroid use leads to what condition? Cushing syndrome.
What is insulin’s function? Lowers blood glucose by allowing cells to take in glucose.
What is glucagon’s function? Raises blood glucose by breaking down glycogen.
What is the primary function of the liver? Metabolism
Which vitamin is necessary for calcium absorption? Vitamin D.
What is the function of platelets? Blood clotting.
What is the difference between veins and arteries? Arteries carry blood away from heart
What causes the “lub-dub” sounds of the heart? Closing of AV valves (lub) and semilunar valves (dub).
What organ controls thirst and fluid balance? Hypothalamus.
What is osmosis? Movement of water from low solute to high solute concentration.
What is edema? Excess fluid in tissues due to capillary pressure imbalance.
What is Starling’s Law of the Capillaries? Fluid movement depends on hydrostatic vs. osmotic pressure.
Where are respiratory control centers located? Medulla and pons.
What is anemia? Low RBCs or hemoglobin → reduced oxygen-carrying capacity.
What blood type is the universal donor? O negative.
What blood type is the universal recipient? AB positive.
Created by: user-1991219
 

 



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