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lipids
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What elements are lipids made of? | Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in different ratios from carbohydrates. |
| Why are lipids non | polar? |
| Define triglyceride. | A lipid composed of one glycerol and three fatty acids joined by ester bonds. |
| How are triglycerides formed? | By condensation reactions between glycerol and fatty acids. |
| What bond forms in a triglyceride? | Ester bond. |
| What type of molecule breaks ester bonds? | Water, during hydrolysis. |
| Functions of triglycerides in organisms. | Long |
| Why are lipids used for long | term energy storage? |
| Where are triglycerides stored in animals? | In adipose tissue under the skin and around organs. |
| Why do lipids store more energy than carbohydrates? | Because they have more C–H bonds and are more highly reduced. |
| Define fatty acid. | A hydrocarbon chain with a terminal carboxyl group (COOH). |
| What determines whether a fatty acid is saturated or unsaturated? | Presence of double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain. |
| What is a saturated fatty acid? | A fatty acid with no double bonds between carbon atoms. |
| What is an unsaturated fatty acid? | A fatty acid with one or more C=C double bonds. |
| What is a monounsaturated fatty acid? | A fatty acid with one double bond. |
| What is a polyunsaturated fatty acid? | A fatty acid with multiple double bonds. |
| Cis vs trans fatty acids. | Cis has hydrogens on the same side of a double bond; trans has them on opposite sides. |
| Why do cis fatty acids have a kink? | Because the double bond bends the fatty acid chain. |
| Why are cis fats liquid at room temperature? | The kink prevents tight packing of molecules. |
| Why are trans fats more harmful? | They straighten the chain, behave like saturated fats, and increase cardiovascular risk. |
| Example of a cis fat. | Olive oil or avocado oil. |
| Example of a trans fat. | Partially hydrogenated oils used in processed foods. |
| Health risk of saturated fats. | Associated with increased LDL cholesterol and heart disease. |
| What is the function of cholesterol? | To regulate membrane fluidity in animal cells and act as a steroid precursor. |
| Define steroid. | A lipid with a four |
| Examples of steroids. | Cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone, cortisol. |
| What is a phospholipid? | A lipid with 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 phosphate group. |
| Why are phospholipids amphipathic? | They have a hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty acid tails. |
| What do phospholipids form in water? | A bilayer, creating the basis of cell membranes. |
| Role of phospholipid bilayer. | Controls selective permeability and separates internal and external environments. |
| What is the energy content of lipids compared to carbohydrates? | Lipids contain approximately twice the energy per gram. |
| Why are lipids lighter for storage than carbohydrates? | Stored lipids contain little water, whereas glycogen binds water. |
| Why is lipid storage important in animals like whales? | Provides buoyancy, energy, and insulation in cold water. |
| Difference between triglycerides and phospholipids. | Triglycerides have 3 fatty acids; phospholipids have 2 fatty acids + phosphate. |
| Are lipids soluble in water? | No, they are hydrophobic. |
| Are lipids soluble in organic solvents? | Yes, due to their non polar nature |
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