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carbohydrates
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What elements are carbohydrates made of? | Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. |
| What type of bonds hold carbohydrate atoms together? | Covalent bonds. |
| How many covalent bonds can carbon form? | Four covalent bonds. |
| Why is carbon ideal for forming biological molecules? | It forms long chains, branches, and rings due to its 4 bonds. |
| Define monosaccharide. | A single sugar unit (monomer). |
| Examples of pentoses. | Ribose and deoxyribose (5 carbons). |
| Examples of hexoses. | Glucose, fructose, galactose (6 carbons). |
| Define disaccharide. | Sugar made of two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond. |
| Define polysaccharide. | A large carbohydrate made of many monosaccharides. |
| What reaction joins monosaccharides together? | Condensation reaction. |
| What is released during a condensation reaction? | A molecule of water (H2O). |
| What bond forms during condensation? | Glycosidic bond. |
| What reaction breaks polysaccharides? | Hydrolysis. |
| What is required for hydrolysis? | Water (H2O). |
| Define glycosidic bond. | A covalent bond between two sugar molecules. |
| What is the difference between α | glucose and β |
| Is glucose soluble? | Yes, very soluble due to many OH groups. |
| Why is glucose soluble important? | It allows transport in blood and plant sap. |
| Is glucose stable or reactive? | Stable but can be oxidised in respiration. |
| Why is glucose a good energy source? | It can be oxidised to release ATP. |
| Example of a condensation reaction with glucose. | Glucose + glucose → maltose + water. |
| What disaccharide is glucose + glucose? | Maltose. |
| What disaccharide is glucose + galactose? | Lactose. |
| What disaccharide is glucose + fructose? | Sucrose. |
| Define starch. | A plant energy storage polysaccharide made of α |
| Two components of starch. | Amylose and amylopectin. |
| Amylose structure. | Long, unbranched α 1–4 chains that coil. |
| Amylopectin structure. | α 1–4 chains with some α 1–6 branches. |
| Why is starch good for storage? | Insoluble, compact, and slow release of glucose. |
| Where is starch stored? | Chloroplasts and starch grains in plant cells. |
| Define glycogen. | Highly branched α |
| Glycogen bonding. | α 1–4 main chains and α 1–6 branches. |
| Why is glycogen highly branched? | For fast release of glucose. |
| Where is glycogen stored? | Liver and muscle cells. |
| Define cellulose. | A structural polysaccharide of β |
| Cellulose bonding. | β 1–4 glycosidic bonds only. |
| Why are β | glucose molecules flipped? |
| Why is cellulose strong? | Parallel chains + hydrogen bonds form microfibrils. |
| Why can't humans digest cellulose? | We lack the enzyme cellulase to break β 1–4 bonds. |
| Function of cellulose. | Provides strength and rigidity to plant cell walls. |
| Which glucose forms branched polysaccharides? | α |
| Which glucose forms straight, rigid chains? | β |
| Why are polysaccharides good for storage? | They are large, insoluble, and do not affect osmotic balance. |
| What is the main storage carbohydrate in animals? | Glycogen. |
| What is the main storage carbohydrate in plants? | Starch. |
| Types of glycosidic bonds in starch. | α 1–4 and α 1–6. |
| Types of glycosidic bonds in cellulose. | β 1–4 only. |
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