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Anatomy Section 6-12
Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Flexor muscles that move the fingers are located on the | anterior medial surface of the forearm |
| True or False: Most muscles span a joint | true |
| Which of the following is not a muscle that moves the thigh? adductor longus, gracilis, iliopsoas, sacrospinalis | sacrospinalis |
| Which muscle flexes the semipronated or semisupinated forearm: biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, triceps brachii | brachioradialis |
| Groups of skeletal muscle fibers are bound together by a connective tissue envelope called the | perimysium |
| True or False: just as individual bones are organs of the skeletal system, individual muscles are the organs of the muscular system | True |
| Name of the skeletal muscle cell | muscle fiber |
| Name of the covering of individual muscle fibers | endomysium |
| True or False: there are more than 600 muscles in the body | True |
| Skeletal muscle are approximately what percentage of our body weight | 50% |
| Neurons in the CNS have less chance of regenerating for all of the following reasons except: there is no neurolemma in cells of the CNS. astrocytes fill in the path of regrowth. microglia lay down scar tissue. | microglia lay down scar tissue. |
| Nerves that contain mostly afferent fibers are called _____ nerves. | sensory |
| Interneurons reside in the: | CNS only. |
| The largest and most numerous types of neuroglia are the: | astrocytes |
| Which of the following is the deepest connective tissue layer of a nerve? | Endoneurium |
| Small distinct regions of gray matter in the CNS are called: | nuclei. |
| Along a neuron, the correct pathway for impulse conduction is: | dendrite, cell body, and axon. |
| One of the components of the blood-brain barrier is: | astrocytes. |
| Astrocytes attach to: neurons, oligodendrocytes, blood vessels, both neurons and oligodendrocytes | both neurons and oligodendrocytes |
| The afferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system: | arry feedback information to integrating centers in the brain. |
| True or False: the reflex are always consists of an afferent and efferent neuron | True |
| True or False: Unipolar neurons are usually sensory neurons | True |
| Gray matter in the brain and spinal cord consists primarily of: | cell bodies. |
| The white matter of the nervous system is made up of: | myelinated fibers. |
| Dendrites conduct impulses _____ cell bodies. | toward |
| The efferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system consist of the ________ nervous systems. | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| Multipolar neurons have: | multiple dendrites and one axon. |
| Fascicles are held together by a connective tissue layer called the: | perineurium. |
| True or False: Dopamine can cross the blood brain barrier | False |
| The autonomic nervous system does not stimulate what kind of muscles | skeletal |
| Regeneration of nerve fibers will take place only if the cell body is intact and the fibers have: | a neurilemma |
| True or False: Some parasympathetic postganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in nuclei in the brainstem. | False |
| True or False: Axon terminals that secrete acetylcholine are called cholinergic terminals. | True |
| The spinal ganglion can be found on the _____ of the spinal nerve. | dorsal nerve root |
| The nerve commonly called the vagus nerve is the _____ cranial. | Tenth |
| The cranial nerve that arises from the spinal cord is the: | accessory |
| Nerve fibers of the spinothalamic tract are: | sensory |
| The spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord and consist of _____ pairs | 31 |
| Small branches from the cervical plexus join which two cranial nerves? | Hypoglossal and accessory |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is found in all of the following except the: subarachnoid space, central canal, third ventricle, subdural space | subdural space |
| True or False: The autonomic nervous system includes only efferent neurons | False |
| Which part of the vertebral column has one more pair of nerves coming from it than it has vertebrae? | cervical |
| The spinal tract is located on the side of the cord, originates in the brain, and terminates in the spinal cord in the _____ tract. | lateral corticospinal |
| Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through the ventricles, into the central canal, and _____, and is absorbed back into the blood. | subarachnoid space |
| The innermost layer of the meninges is the: | pia mater |
| All of the following cranial nerves have a functional classification of motor except: oculomotor, trochlear, vestibulocochlear, accessory | vestibulocochlear |
| True or False: All cell bodies of the autonomic nervous system are located within the CNS. | False |
| Beta receptors: | bind norepinephrine. |
| The main divisions of the central nervous system are the: | brain and spinal cord. |
| The phrenic nerve is found in the _____ plexus. | cervical |
| True or False: Sensory neurons can operate in autonomic reflex arcs. | True |
| A patient complains of numbness in the skin of the buttocks and the posterior surface of the thigh and leg. The spinal nerve or peripheral branch most likely involved with this condition is the _____ plexus. | Coccygeal |
| Parasympathetic neuron cell bodies are located in: | nuclei of the brainstem and the lateral gray columns of the sacral cord. |
| Which plexus contains nerves that innervate the lower part of the shoulder and the entire arm? | Brachial |
| Hormone that inhibits osteoclast activity in children. | calcitonin |
| Transparent structure of the eye containing regularly aligned collagen fibers. | cornea |
| Transparent mucous membrane covering the inner surface of the eyelid. | conjunctiva |
| The nerve carrying taste information from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue is the | facial. |
| Membrane attached to the stapes. | oval window |
| What has the highest concentration of cones? | the fovea centralis |
| Endocrine gland of the thorax that is also important in immune function. | thymus gland |
| Receptors for hearing are located in the | cochlear duct. |
| Largest purely endocrine gland in the body. | thyroid gland |
| Pancreatic cell type that produces insulin. | beta cells |
| Pyramid-shaped gland consisting of neural crest-derived cells and endocrine secretory cells. | adrenal gland |
| Region of the hypophysis that contains secretory endocrine cells derived from the oral ectoderm. | adenohypophysis |
| True or False: The tectorial membrane bends with vibrations, whereas the basilar membrane is rigid and fixed. | False |
| Melanin-containing layer of the eye's vascular tunic. | choroid |
| True or False: Gustatory cells are located on the apical surface of vallate papillae on the tongue. | False |
| The basilar membrane supports the | spiral organ. |
| Which of the following is not part of the flow of taste sensation along the gustatory pathway to the cerebral cortex? | hypothalamic appetite centers |
| Endolymph-filled structure containing receptors for hearing. | cochlear duct |
| Which of the following minerals is essential for the formation of thyroid hormone? | iodine |
| Endolymph is made | in the stria vascularis. |
| The hormone produced by the heart | increases the excretion of sodium in the urine |
| Gel-like structure embedded with the tips of cochlear hair cells. | tectorial membrane |
| The anatomical stalk of the pituitary is also known as | infundibulum. |
| Fluid filling the posterior segment of the eye. | vitreous humor |
| The hypophyseal portal veins are primarily located in the | infundibulum. |
| Which of the following endocrine glands develops primarily from the endoderm of the pharynx? | thyroid and parathyroids |
| Which endocrine gland stores enough of its hormone extracellularly to last several months? | thyroid |
| Bony labyrinth structure containing the utricle and saccule. | vestibule |
| Class of hormones secreted during chronic stress that depress immune function. | glucocorticoids |
| Region of the adrenal cortex that secretes DHEA. | zona reticularis |
| Blood flow from the heart through blood vessels to all parts of the body and back to the heart is referred to as _____ circulation | systemic |
| The structural components of the circulatory system include the: | heart and blood vessels. |
| In _____, blood moves from veins to other veins or arteries to other arteries without passing through an intervening capillary network | vascular anastomoses |
| During fetal circulation, what opening in the septum, between the right and left atria, directs most of the blood so that it bypasses the fetal lungs? | foramen ovale |
| The bulk of the heart wall is the thick, contractile middle layer called the | myocardium. |
| _____ is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood. | Hematocrit |
| Which layer of the larger blood vessels is made up of endothelium? | tunica intima |
| After blood leaves the lungs and returns to the heart, it enters the | left atrium. |
| The normal cardiac impulse that initiates mechanical contraction of the heart arises in the | SA node. |
| Microscopic vessels that carry blood from small arteries to small veins are | capillaries. |
| The outermost layer of the larger blood vessels is the tunica | adventitia. |
| A glycoprotein hormone that is secreted to increase oxygen concentration in the tissues is | erythropoietin. |
| Erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as: | hematopoietic stem cells. |
| The free edges of the atrioventricular valves are anchored to the | papillary muscles. |
| The molecule that makes up 95% of the dry weight of each red blood cell and is responsible for the red pigment is | hemoglobin. |
| The brachiocephalic vein drains blood from the | head, neck, and upper extremity |
| The _____ drains much of the superficial leg and foot. | great saphenous vein |
| Which mature cell has no nucleus, mitochondria, or ribosomes? | Erythrocyte |
| The heart valves that are located where the trunk of the pulmonary artery joins the right ventricle and where the aorta joins the left ventricle are called | semilunar valves. |
| From which vessels do myocardial cells receive blood? | coronary arteries |
| The four structures that compose the conduction system of the heart are the | SA node, AV node, AV bundle, and Purkinje fibers. |
| Which types of arteries are also called conducting arteries and include the aorta? | elastic arteries |
| True or False: Lymphocytes are granulocytes | False |
| The type of membranous tissue that lines the heart and blood vessels is the | endothelium |
| Which of the following is not a formed element found in the blood? | plasma |
| The cisterna chyli: | originates in the thoracic duct. |
| The primary organ of the lymphatic system is the | thymus. |
| The type of immune mechanism that provides a general defense by acting against anything recognized as “not self” is called: | nonspecific immunity. |
| The lymph nodes located just above the bend of the elbow are called the _____ lymph nodes. | supratrochlear |
| Interferon inhibits the spread of: | viruses and bacteria |
| An infection in the thumb may result in enlargement of the _____ nodes. | superficial cubital |
| Masses of lymphoid tissue located in a protective ring under the mucous membranes in the mouth and the back of the throat are called | tonsils. |
| Which substance can destroy pathogens by lowering the pH to a level at which they cannot function? | Hydrochloric acid |
| Lymph capillaries called lacteals are located in the: | small intestine. |
| Adaptive immunity, part of the body’s third line of defense, is orchestrated by two different classes of a type of white blood cell called the | lymphocyte. |
| Hassall corpuscles are part of the: | thymus |
| During their residence in the thymus, pre-T cells develop into _____, cells that proliferate as rapidly as any in the body. | thymocytes |
| Antibodies are proteins of the family called | immunoglobulins. |
| Each cortical nodule is composed of packed lymphocytes that surround a less dense area called a | germinal center. |
| The lymph nodes located in the groin are called the: | inguinal lymph nodes. |
| True or False: The lymphatic system, like the circulatory system, is a closed circuit. | False |
| Lacteals: | drain into the right lymphatic duct. are able to absorb fat from the digestive system. |
| The size of lymph nodes varies from _____ mm to more than _____ mm in diameter. | 1; 20 |
| A type of blood cell produced by lymph nodes is called a(n) | monocyte. |
| About half of the lymph flowing through the thoracic duct comes from the: | liver and small intestine |
| The main difference between the composition of lymph and interstitial fluid and the composition of plasma is the _____ percentage of _____ in lymph and interstitial fluid. | lower; proteins |
| Lymph ducts empty into the circulatory system, draining into the: | subclavian veins. |
| The tonsils located near the posterior opening of the nasal cavity are called the _____ tonsils. | pharyngeal |
| True or False: Lymph from the entire body, except the upper right quadrant, drains eventually into the thoracic duct. | True |
| The internal environment of the human body is protected by the _____, which is(are) referred to as the first line of defense. | skin |
| Because T cells attack pathogens more directly, T-cell immune mechanisms are classified as _____ immunity. | cell-mediated |
| The spleen is located in the _____ region. | left hypochondriac |
| correct sequence of air as it passes through the nose into the pharynx | Anterior nares vestibule inferior, middle, and superior meatus posterior nares |
| True or False: intrinsic muscles of the larynx serve in voice production | True |
| more common name for the pharynx is the: | throat. |
| The smallest branches of the bronchial tree are | bronchioles |
| The fauces, one of the seven openings found in the pharynx, opens into the: | oropharynx. |
| In the right lung, the superior and middle lobes are separated by the | horizontal fissure. |
| The eustachian tube connects the middle ear with the: | nasopharynx |
| The small, leaf-shaped cartilage behind the tongue and hyoid bone is the: | epiglottis. |
| The structure in the neck known as the “Adam’s apple” is the: | thyroid cartilage. |
| Anatomically, how does the right bronchus differ from the left bronchus, and what effect might this have on the aspiration of objects | The right bronchus is slightly larger and more vertical than the left. This anatomical fact helps explain why aspirated foreign objects frequently lodge in the right bronchus. |
| Olfactory epithelium is found: | covering the superior turbinate. |
| The divisions of the thoracic cavity include all of the following except the: | respiratory cavity. |
| Paranasal sinuses are normally filled with: | air. |
| The approximate length of the trachea, or windpipe, is _____ cm | 11 |
| The structures that deflect air as it passes through the nose are called: | conchae. |
| The hollow nasal cavity is separated by a midline partition called the: | septum. |
| True or False: The left lung has a horizontal fissure. | False |
| The largest of the paranasal sinuses is the | maxillary. |
| cribriform plate seperates | nasal and cranial cavities |
| The anatomical division of the pharynx that is located behind the mouth from the soft palate above to the level of the hyoid bone below is called the: | oropharynx. |
| The total number of lobes in both lungs is: | 5 |
| The respiratory portion of the nasal passage is lined with a mucous membrane made up of _____ epithelium. | pseudostratified columnar |
| The lower border of the cavity of the larynx is formed by the: | cricoid cartilage. |
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