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AP Psych Cognition
| Quest | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gestalt Psychologists | The brain's tendency to take smaller bits of info to come up with a solution |
| Figure-Ground Pattern | simplifies a image into the main object |
| Grouping | Organizes stimuli into groups |
| Depth Perception | Ability to see the world in 3D and judge the distance of objects |
| Binocular Cues | Using two eyes to perceive depth |
| Retinal Disparity | Difference in visuals between each eye |
| Convergence | How close/far away something is |
| Monocular Cues | Using one eye to perceive depth |
| Linear Perspective | When 2 lines appear (but never) touch |
| Interposition | When objects overlap, they are perceived as far away |
| Relative Size | When an object is closer, it is perceived as bigger |
| Relative Height | Higher = Farther away Lower = Closer |
| Light and Shadow | Nearby objects reflect more light |
| Texture Gradient | Closer = better texture Farther = more smooth |
| Relative Motion | Closer = Faster Farther = slower |
| Perceptual Set | Tendency to notice certain aspects of an object while ignoring the other details |
| Perceptual Constancy | Object that you are familiar with that has a constant shape |
| Lightness/Brightness Constancy | Seeing an object as having a consistent light even is it's not |
| Shape Constancy | Perceiving objects as having a set size |
| Parapsychology | The study of paranormal phenomena (ESP, psychokinesis) |
| Cognitive Psychology | The study of mental processes |
| Metacognition | To be aware of our thinking |
| Concepts "Organization" | How the brain organizes ideas, events, and objects (can be built upon) |
| Prototype | The first thing that comes to mind |
| Convergent Thinking | Logical thinking |
| Divergent Thinking | Creative/ emotional thinking |
| Problem Solving | The mental process that people go through to discover, analyze, and solve problems |
| Algorithm | The step by step process to solve a problem |
| Heuristics | Mental shortcut to a problems (heavily flawed) |
| Insights "Aha Moment" | The moment you figure out a solution |
| Representative Heuristic | Based on mental prototypes |
| Availability Heuristic | Basing decisions on what's readily available |
| Wolfgang Kohler | Studied chimpanzees capacity for problem solving |
| Mental Set | Only using solutions that have worked in the past instead of using newer solutions (inflexibility) |
| Functional Fixedness | Only viewing objects for their original purpose |
| Confirmation Bias | Looking for info that only supports our preconception |
| Belief Perseverance "Denial" | Tendency to hold on to beliefs even when there's evidence to prove it wrong |
| Overconfidence | Overestimating our own knowledge, skill, or judgement |
| Hindsight Bias | Viewing an event as more predictable than it actually is |
| Framing (Cognitive Bias) | Framing something in a more positive light than it actually is in order to get a more favorable result |
| Anchoring Effect (Cognitive Bias) | Favoring the first info that's offered |
| Inductive Reasoning | Guessing |
| Deductive Reasoning | Using facts |
| Phonemes | Smallest meaningful unit in a language |
| Morphemes | Smallest pairing that's given to a sound/word |
| Grammar | Set of rules in a language |
| Skinner's Theory of Language Acquisition | The belief that speech is learned through reward & punishment (operant learning) |
| Noam Chomsky, Inborn Universal Grammar | The belief that language is something you are born with |
| Linguistic Determinism | Whatever language you are speaking is also your thoughts |
| Intelligence | Accumulation of knowledge |
| Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale | A test designed to measure mental age |
| General Intelligence (g factor) | If someone performs well on one tend to do better on other tests |
| Fluid Intelligence | Rapid thinking |
| Crystallized Intelligence | Accumulation of knowledge that increases in age |
| Howards Gardener's Theory of Multiple Intelligence | 8 types of intelligence based on skills/abilities |
| Savant Syndrome | While limited in one mental ability, they excel in another skill |
| Robert Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence | 3 factors of intelligence instead of 8 |
| Emotional Intelligence | The ability of evaluate emotions |
| Wechsler Intelligence Scales (WAIS) | Measures intellect for adults/adolescents |
| Heritability | The idea that intelligence can be passed down (ranges from 50-75%) |
| Flynn Effect | IQ Scores raises when society is thriving |
| Psychometricians | Methods for acquiring/analyzing psychological data |
| Standardization | Tests results of the larger representative data |
| Norms | Every test taker completes a tests under the same conditions |
| Achievement Tests | Measures a person's knowledge in a certain area |
| Aptitude Tests | Predicts how well a person is able to learn |
| Group Tests | Groups of standardized testing |
| Individual Tests | A test given by a professional that is meant to be taken alone |
| Reliability | Produces the same scores over time |
| Test-Retest Reliability | Giving a test twice at different points of time |
| Split-Half Reliability | All parts of a test contribute to what is being measured |
| Validity | When a test measures what its actually supposed to measure |
| Predictive | Predicts a performance on a test |
| Memory | Learning that has persisted overtime and can be retrieved |
| Information Processing Model | Model of the different stages of memory processing |
| Encoding | Putting info in our memory system (brain) |
| Automatic Processing | Space, Time, Frequency |
| Effortful Processing | Encoding that involves effort |
| Storage | Where you store (retain) information |
| Retrieval | Call back of information |
| Recall | Accessing info without being reminded |
| Recognition | Remembering info after experiencing it again |
| Recollection | Reconstructing memory |
| Shallow Processing | Processing on a basic level (like judging appearance) |
| Deep Processing | Processing by attaching meaning to info (through semantics) |
| Brocas Area | Production of speech |
| Wernickes Area | Language development |
| Sensory Memory | Memorizing through senses |
| Iconic Memory | Visual |
| Echoic Memory | Sounds (3-4 seconds) |
| Haptic Memory | Touch |
| Short-Term Memory | Info we are currently thinking about (limited storage capacity) |
| Long-Term Memory | Held for longer periods of time |
| Baddley's Working Memory | Temporarily retains info |
| Chunking | Grouping info into larger units |
| Maintenance Rehearsal | Repeating info in order to memorize it |
| Explicit Memory | Info you have to consciously work in order to remember it |
| Episodic Memory | Involves the recollection of specific events |
| Semantic Memory | Memories of general knowledge |
| Implicit Memory | Info you can remember without any effort |
| Eidetic Memory | Also known as photographic memory |
| Memory Consolidation | Converts short-term memories to long-term ones |
| Amygdala | Involved with episodic memory (emotional) |
| Cerebellum | Involved with implicit memory |
| Basal Ganglia | Involved with memory retrieval |
| Amnesia | Experiencing a full/partial loss of memory |
| Retrograde Amnesia | Can't remember what happened in the past before trauma |
| Anterograde Amnesia | Can't create new memories after trauma |
| Serial Position Effect | Remembering the first and last items in a sequence |
| Retrieval Failure | Can't recall a memory due to missing stimuli |
| Encoding Failure | When a memory was never formed in the first place |
| Interference Theory | Some memories interfere with the retrieval of other memories |
| Proactive Interference | Old memories clash with newer ones |
| Retroactive Interference | Newer memories clash with older ones |
| Flashbulb Memory | Vivid memories that happen after tragedy |
| Pseudo Memories | False memories |
| Source Amnesia | Inability to remember the source of a memory |
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