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Anatomy

Anatomy week6-12

TermDefinition
Nervous system The nervous system allows human beings to collect information about the external and internal environments and make decisions about how to maintain homeostasis
Two divisions of nervous system Central - contains the brain and spinal cord Peripheral - contains nerves outside the central nervous system
Neurotransmission the process of transferring information from one neuron to another at a synapse
Meninges of the brain 1. Pia mater (is delicate and directly adheres to the surface of the brain) 2. arachnoid mater (is spider-web like and houses cerebrospinal fluid) 3. dura mater (provides a tough outer shell)
What is the function of the sensory division of the PNS? The sensory division of the PNS transmits sensory information from receptors to the central nervous system (CNS).
What is the role of the autonomic nervous system? The autonomic nervous system transmits information to cardiac muscle, organs, and glands to maintain homeostasis involuntarily and unconsciously.
What are cranial nerves? Cranial nerves are nerves that originate from the brain or brainstem and are numbered with Roman numerals.
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there? There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
Spinal Nerves Spinal nerves are named based on the segment of the spinal cord from which they arise and are mixed nerves transmitting sensory and motor information.
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
Cervical Plexus The cervical plexus is formed by the first four cervical nerves (C1-C4) and innervates the neck, back of the head, and shoulders.
Brachial Plexus The brachial plexus is formed by the cervical nerves C5-C8 and the first thoracic nerve (T1), innervating the arm.
Parasympathetic Division The part of the ANS that maintains homeostasis during rest, focusing on energy conservation and nutrient replenishment, often referred to as the rest-and-digest division.
Sympathetic Division The division of the ANS that originates from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord, responsible for the body's rapid response to stress.
Hypothalamus The hypothalamus is a brain region that serves as the master regulator of the endocrine system, controlling hormone release from the pituitary gland.
What hormone does the anterior pituitary release in response to thyrotropin releasing hormone? The anterior pituitary releases thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in response to thyrotropin releasing hormone.
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) TSH is a hormone released by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones such as T3 and T4.
What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland? The thyroid gland produces T3 (tri-iodothyronine), T4 (thyroxine), and calcitonin.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) ACTH is a hormone released by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol and aldosterone.
Cortisol Cortisol is a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that increases blood glucose levels, suppresses the immune system, and helps regulate metabolism.
What are the two major divisions of the ANS? The two major divisions of the ANS are the parasympathetic division and the sympathetic division.
What is the primary neurotransmitter released by all preganglionic neurons in the ANS? The primary neurotransmitter released by all preganglionic neurons is acetylcholine.
Why does the body release adrenaline during the fight-or-flight response? Adrenaline is released to prepare the body for immediate action, enhancing functions critical for survival, such as increasing heart rate and redirecting blood flow to essential muscles.
What type of response occurs when a hormone binds to receptors on the same cell that released it? This is called an autocrine response.
What is the function of the phrenic nerve? The phrenic nerve, derived from C3, C4, and C5, innervates the diaphragm and is essential for breathing.
Created by: mbikehlum
 

 



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