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Pema Lama
Lymphatic Systems
| Two most important functions | maintain fluid balance in the internal environment and immunity; a third function is to collect absorbed fat from the intestines and transport it to the systemic veins |
| Lymph vessels | act as “drains” to collect excess tissue fluid and return it to the venous blood just before it returns to the heart. |
| Lymphatic system | component of the circulatory system; made up of lymph, lymphatic vessels, and isolated structures containing lymphoid tissue: lymph nodes, aggregated lymphoid nodules, tonsils, thymus, spleen, and bone marrow |
| Lymph (lymphatic fluid) | Clear, watery-appearing fluid that resembles blood plasma in composition but has a lower percentage of protein; isotonic. Elevated protein concentration in thoracic duct lymph because of protein-rich lymph from the liver and small intestine |
| Interstitial fluid (IF) | 1. Complex, organized fluid that fills the spaces between the cells and is part of the ECM (extracellular matrix) 2. Resembles blood plasma in composition with a lower percentage of protein 3. Along with blood plasma, constitutes the extracellular fluid |
| Lymphatic capillaries | where lymphatic vessels originate; wall consists of a single layer of flattened endothelial cells; networks branch and anastomose freely. They form larger lymphatics and form the main lymphatic trunks, the right lymphatic ducts and the thoracic duct |
| Lymph from upper right quadrant | empties into right lymphatic duct and then into right subclavian vein |
| Lymph from rest of the body | empties into the thoracic duct, which then drains into the left subclavian vein; thoracic duct originates as the cisterna chyli (chyle cistern) |
| Structure of lymphatic vessels | It has thinner walls, more valves, and contain lymph nodes. As the diameter increases from capillary size, the walls become thicker and have three layers. One-way valves are present in large lymphatics and even more frequently in smaller lymphatics |
| Functions of the lymphatic vessels | Remove high-molecular-weight substances and even particulate matter from interstitial spaces. Lacteals absorb fats and other nutrients from the small intestine |
| Circulation of Lymph | From lymphatic capillaries, lymph flows through progressively larger lymphatic vessels to eventually reenter blood at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. |
| Lymphokinesis | Lymph moves through the system in the right direction because of the large number of valves. Breathing movements and skeletal muscle contractions establish a fluid pressure gradient, as they do with venous blood. IF pressure, also drive lymphokines |
| Lymphokinetic actions | activities that result in a central flow of lymph |
| Structure of lymph nodes | Lymph nodes are oval structures enclosed by a fibrous capsule. Nodes are a type of biological filter. Once lymph enters a node, it moves slowly through sinuses to drain into the efferent exit vessel. |
| Locations of lymph nodes | Most lymph nodes occur in groups. Groups with greatest clinical importance are preauricular lymph nodes, submental and submaxillary groups, and superficial cervical, superficial cubital, axillary, iliac, and inguinal lymph nodes |
| Functions of lymph nodes: Defense functions a. Filtration | Mechanical filtration—physically stopping particles from progressing further in the body Biological filtration—biological activity of cells destroys and removes particles |
| Functions of lymph nodes: Defense functions b. Phagocytosis | reticuloendothelial cells remove microorganisms and other injurious particles from lymph and phagocytose them (biological filtration). If overwhelmed, lymph nodes can become infected or damaged |
| Functions of lymph nodes: Hematopoiesis | —lymphoid tissue is the site for the final stages of maturation of some lymphocytes and monocytes |
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Pemalama