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cathy nakimera
anatomy 2025-3-SCI220-04 1-5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the primary function of hemoglobin in red blood cells? | Hemoglobin binds and transports oxygen while also carrying a small portion of carbon dioxide. |
| How does the cardiac conduction system control heart rhythm? | The SA node initiates impulses that travel through the AV node, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers to coordinate contractions. |
| What is the role of baroreceptors in blood pressure regulation? | They detect changes in arterial stretch and trigger autonomic adjustments to stabilize blood pressure. |
| What is the main function of lymph nodes? | They filter lymph and house immune cells that remove pathogens and debris. |
| How do T cells contribute to adaptive immunity? | T cells recognize antigen-MHC complexes and mediate cell-mediated immune responses. |
| What role does the spleen play in immunity? | It filters blood, removes old RBCs, and activates lymphocytes. |
| What structure prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing? | The epiglottis folds downward to close the laryngeal opening. |
| How is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood? | As bicarbonate ions formed through carbonic anhydrase activity. |
| What is tidal volume? | The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs during normal breathing. |
| What is the primary function of the small intestine? | Digestion and absorption of nutrients through villi and microvilli. |
| How does bile assist digestion? | Bile emulsifies fats, increasing surface area for enzyme activity. |
| What is basal metabolic rate (BMR)? | The minimum energy required to sustain vital physiological functions at rest. |
| What is the functional unit of the kidney? | The nephron. |
| How does ADH regulate water balance? | It increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts. |
| What is glomerular filtration? | The process by which plasma is filtered through the glomerular membrane into the renal tubule. |
| How do endocrine hormones travel to target tissues? | Through the bloodstream. |
| What is the role of the thyroid hormone? | It regulates metabolic rate, growth, and temperature. |
| How does the pancreas regulate blood glucose? | Insulin lowers glucose levels; glucagon raises them. |
| What is spermatogenesis? | The production of sperm in the seminiferous tubules. |
| What hormone triggers ovulation? | A surge in luteinizing hormone (LH). |
| What is the function of the uterus? . | To support implantation, fetal development, and labor. |
| What is the primary function of the cerebellum? | Coordination of movement, posture, and balance. |
| What are mechanoreceptors? | Sensory receptors that detect pressure, stretch, and vibration |
| How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the body during stress? | Increases heart rate, dilates bronchi, and mobilizes energy stores. |
| What is homeostasis? | The maintenance of stable internal conditions despite external changes. |
| How do negative feedback loops maintain physiological balance? . | They reverse deviations from normal ranges, restoring equilibrium. |
| Why is ATP essential for cellular function? | It provides the energy required for metabolic processes. |
| What role do enzymes play in metabolism? | They speed up biochemical reactions by lowering activation energy. |
| Why is the integumentary system vital for thermoregulation? | Sweat glands and blood flow adjustments help maintain body temperature. |
| What is the role of the skeletal system in calcium homeostasis? | Bones store calcium and release it under the influence of PTH |
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