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nervous system lab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is one function of the nervous sytem | the reception of sensory information |
| what is one function of the nervous sytem | the integration of sensory information |
| what is one function of the nervous sytem | the production of motor commands |
| what are the two divisions of the nervous system | central nervous system and peripheral nervous system |
| what does the central nervous system include | the cns includes the brain and spinal cord |
| what does the peripheral nervous system include | the pns includes all other neural tissue outside the cns |
| what is meninges | surround the brain and spinal cord |
| what are 3 parts that make up the meninges | dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater |
| dura mater: | tough, whte, dense, fibrous, outer layer of connective tissue |
| two layers of dura mater: | periosteal layer - outer layer that is fused to the periosteum of the skull meningeal layer - inner layer |
| subdural space | seperates dura mater from the arachnoid layer |
| arachnoid layer | Consists of the arachnoid membrane, which a layer of epithelium, and arachnoid trabeculae, which are composed of thin delicate collagen and elastic fibers |
| Subarachnoid space | separates the pia mater from the arachnoid membrane and is filled with cebrospinal fluid (CSF). |
| Pia mater: | Meshwork of elastic and collagen fibers. Surrounds blood vessels in the brain. Firmly bound to the underlying neural tissue |
| spinal cord gross anatomy | Cervical enlargement, Lumbar enlargement, conus medullaris, cauda equina, filum terminale |
| Cervical enlargement | origin of nerves for the upper limbs - between vertebrae C4 and T1 |
| lumbar enlarment | origin of nerves for the lower limbs -between vertebrae T9 and T12 |
| conus medullaris | tapered conical portion of the spinal cord that ends at the intervertebral disc between L1 and L2 |
| cauda equina | spinal nerves that extend inferiorly in the vertebral canal giving the apperance of strands of coarsehair, like a horses tail |
| filum terminale | non-neural fibrous tissue extending from the conus medullaris to S2 |
| gray matter | refers to aggregations of neuroglia, cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons of neurons |
| what gives gray matter its color | The grayish color of Nissl bodies within the cell bodies of the neurons gives the gray matter its name. |
| white matter | refers to aggregations of myelinated axons from many neurons |
| what gives white matter its color | The white color of myelin gives the white matter its name. |
| Anterior median fissure | - deep, wide groove on the anterior surface of the spinal cord |
| Posterior median sulcus | – shallow, groove on the posterior surface of the spinal cord |
| Gray commissure | – connects the gray matter of the right and left sides. |
| White commissure | – connects the white matter of the right and left sides. |
| Central canal | – narrow passageway in the gray commissure that is filled with CSF. |
| Anterior gray horn | – anterior region of the wings of the butterfly. |
| Posterior gray horn | – posterior region of the wings of the butterfly. |
| Lateral gray horn | – intermediate region between the anterior and posterior gray horns which is present only in the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord. |
| Anterior white column | – anterior region of white matter that lies between the anterior median fissure and the anterior gray horn. |
| Posterior white column | – posterior region of white matter that lies between the posterior median sulcus and the posterior gray horn. |
| Lateral white column | – intermediate region of white matter between the anterior and posterior white columns. |
| Dorsal root – | axons of sensory neurons which carry electrical impulses to spinal cord. |
| Dorsal root ganglia - | cell bodies of sensory neurons. |
| Ventral root – | motor neurons which carry motor commands out of the spinal cord. |
| Spinal nerves | are the paths of communication between the spinal cord tracts and most of the body |
| how are spinal nerves connected | is connected to the spinal cord by the ventral and dorsal roots |
| how many pairs of nerves are there | 31 pairs |
| how many pairs of cervical nerves | 8 |
| how many pairs of thoracic nerves | 12 |
| how many pairs of lumbar nerves | 5 |
| how many pairs of sacral nerves | 5 |
| how many pairs of coccygeal nerves | 1 |
| rami | spinal nerve divides into several branches called |
| Dorsal ramus | innervates (supplies) deep muscles and skin of the surface of the back |
| Ventral ramus | innervates superficial back muscles and all structures of the limbs lateral and ventral trunk |
| Rami communicantes | gray and white rami communicantes are components of the autonomic nervous system, which connect ventral rami with sympathetic trunk ganglia. |
| plexus | for T2- T11, do not go directly to body structures they supply. – Instead, they join with adjacent nerves on either side of the body to form a network called a |
| what if formed by the ventral rami of C1-C4 with contributions from C5 | 1. Greater Auricular 2. Transverse Cervical Nerve 3. Ansa Cervical/Ansa Cervicalis 4. Phrenic Nerve 5. Supraclavicular Nerves |
| what is formed by the ventral rami of C5-C8 and T1 with contributions from C4 | 1. Musculocutaneous Nerve 2. Axillary Nerve 3. Radial Nerve 4. Ulnar Nerve 5. Median Nerve |
| what is Formed by the ventral rami of T12-L4; innervates the muscles of the abdominal wall, external genitals, and part of the lower limbs | 1. Femoral 2. Iliohypogastric 3. Genitofemoral 4. Lateral Femoral Cutaneous 5. Ilioinguinal 6. Obturator |
| what is formed by the ventral rami of L4-L5 and S1-S4; innervates the muscles of the buttocks, perineum (Pelvic floor), andlower limbs | 1. Fibular (Common Peroneal) 2. Inferior Gluteal 3. Superior Gluteal 4. Sciatic Nerve 5. Tibial 6. Pudendal 7. Posterior Femoral Cutaneous |
| the five divisions of the human brain | telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon |
| Telencephalon | cerebrum |
| Diencephalon | thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland. |
| Mesencephalon | midbrain (contains both visual and auditory sensory centers and centers involving maintenance of consciousness). |
| Metencephalon | – cerebellum and pons. |
| Myelencephalon | medulla oblongata (The medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain are referred to as the brainstem. |
| Cerebrum | Largest region of the brain where conscious thought and all intellectual functions originate |
| Gyri | elevated ridges (resembling folds), which increase the surface area of the cerebral cortex |
| Sulci | shallow depressions |
| Fissures | - deeper grooves (cracks). |
| Gray matter | in the cerebrum is found in the cerebral cortex and in the basal nuclei. |
| White matter | lies under the cerebral cortex and surrounds the basal nuclei |
| Hemispheres | – left and right. |
| Longitudinal fissure | - divides the left and right hemispheres. |
| Frontal Lobe | primary cortex that functions as voluntary control of skeletal muscles, cognition, reasoning, and logic |
| Parietal Lobe | primary sensory cortex that functions as the conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature, and taste |
| Occipital Lobe | visual cortex that functions as conscious perception of visual stimulus |
| Temporal Lobe | auditory cortex and olfactory cortex that function in conscious perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli. |
| Central sulcus | – groove that divides the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe. |
| Precentral gyrus | located on the anterior side of the central sulcus and is the site of the primary motor cortex. |
| Postcentral gyrus | located on the posterior side of the central sulcus and is the site of the primary sensory cortex |
| Lateral sulcus | – separates the frontal and temporal lobes. |
| Insula | – area of cerebral cortex that is deep to the lateral sulcus. |
| Parieto-occipital sulcus | – separates the parietal and occipital lobes. |
| Corpus callosum | thick band of white matter that connects the left and right hemispheres |
| Cingulate gyrus | - superior to the corpus callosum. |
| Olfactory bulb and tract | located on the inferior side of the frontal lobe and carries olfactory sensory information. |
| Diencephalon | Located superior to the brainstem and between the cerebral hemispheres. |
| what does the diencephalon contain | the thalamus and hypothalamus. |
| Epithalamus | Roof of the diencephalon |
| what makes up the epithalamus | pineal gland, thalamus, and hypothalamus |
| Pineal gland | an endocrine structure that secretes the hormone melatonin and helps maintain daily and yearly cycles (biological clock). |
| Thalamus- | Large oval structure that comprises about 80% of the diencephalon. -Relays all sensory information to appropriate centers in the brain with the exception of smell |
| Hypothalamus- | Forms the floor of the diencephalon and is located inferior to the thalamus and superior to the optic chiasm. |
| Prominent structures associated with the hypothalamus are: | pituitary gland, infundibulum, mamillary bodies, optic chiasm |
| Pituitary gland | endocrine gland that releases nine hormones |
| Infundibulum | stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus |
| Mamillary bodies | prominent areas that process sensory information including olfactory sensations and control reflex movements associated with eating (chewing, licking, and sucking |
| Optic chiasm | area where the optic nerves cross before entering the brain. |
| Cerebellum | Second largest portion of the brain. -Compares the intended and actual movements to refine learned movement patterns. -Regulates posture and balance. |
| Structures of the cerebellum: | Vermis, Left and right hemispheres, Primary fissure, Folia, Cerebellar nuclei, Arbor vitae |
| Vermis | divides the right and left hemispheres (meaning worm-shaped). |
| Primary fissure – | divides anterior and posterior lobes. |
| Folia | meaning leaf like) – folds of the cerebellar cortex |
| Cerebellar nuclei | – deep areas of gray matter. |
| Arbor vitae | meaning tree of life) – branching array of white matter. |
| Brainstem | - includes the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain (mesencephalon). |
| Midbrain | short section between the pons and the diencephalon that is involved in maintaining consciousness and subconscious motor control |
| Corpora quadrigemina | Control reflex turning of the eyes and head in response to loud noises |
| Superior colliculi | two bodies that serve as reflex centers for eye and head movements in response to visual and other stimuli |
| Inferior colliculi | two bodies that serve as reflex centers for movements of the head and trunk in response to auditory stimuli |
| Pons | – connects the cerebellum to the brainstem. |
| what does the pons do | - Relays information between the medulla oblongata and the cerebrum. - Contains two respiratory nuclei. |
| Medulla oblongata | forms the inferior portion of the brain stem and is continuous with the superior portion of the spinal cord |
| what does medulla oblongata contain | - Contains all sensory and motor tracts that communicate between the spinal cord and brain. -vital reflex centers (nuclei) such as the cardiac control, respiratory rhythmicity (breathing rate), vasomotor (blood vessel diamter), and vomiting centers |
| The ventricles of the brain | chambers which contain and circulate CSF |
| Septum pellucidum | – separates the two lateral ventricles. |
| Interventricular foramen | connects the two lateral ventricles with the third ventricle. |
| Cerebral aqueduct | connects the third and fourth ventricles |
| Choroid plexuses | networks of capillaries and ependymal cells that produce and maintain CSF. |
| olfactory | sensory |
| optic | sensory |
| oculomotor | motor |
| trochlear | motor |
| trigeminal | both |
| abducens | motor |
| facial | both |
| vestibulocochlear (auditory) | sensory |
| glossopharyngeal | both |
| vagus | both |
| accessory (spinal) | motor |
| hypoglossal | motor |
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