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Anatomy Stack 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the major axial muscles of the head and neck? | Frontalis, orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, temporalis, masseter, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius. |
| What is the primary function of the biceps brachii? | Flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm. |
| Name three major muscles of the posterior leg. | Gastrocnemius, soleus, and tibialis posterior. |
| Which muscles are responsible for inspiration? | Diaphragm and external intercostals. |
| What does CNS stand for, and what does it include? | Central Nervous System; includes the brain and spinal cord. |
| What does PNS stand for, and what does it include? | Peripheral Nervous System; includes all nerves outside the CNS. |
| What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? | Sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest). |
| What type of neurons carry signals to the CNS? | Sensory (afferent) neurons. |
| What type of neurons carry signals from the CNS to muscles or glands? | Motor (efferent) neurons. |
| What structure in the eye controls the amount of light entering? | Iris. |
| Which part of the ear is responsible for balance? | Semicircular canals in the inner ear. |
| Which endocrine gland regulates metabolism? | Thyroid gland. |
| What hormone is secreted by the pancreas to lower blood glucose? | Insulin. |
| Which hormone is released by the adrenal medulla in response to stress? | Epinephrine (adrenaline). |
| What are the four chambers of the heart? | Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle. |
| Which valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium? | Mitral (bicuspid) valve. |
| What is the function of red blood cells? | Transport oxygen using hemoglobin. |
| What is the difference between arteries and veins? | Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood toward the heart. |
| What is the main function of the lymphatic system? | Return excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream and transport fats from the digestive system. |
| Name the primary lymphoid organs. | Bone marrow and thymus. |
| Name the secondary lymphoid organs. | Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue). |
| What type of immune response involves B cells and antibody production? | Humoral immunity. |
| What type of immune response involves T cells attacking infected cells? | Cell-mediated immunity. |
| What is the primary muscle of inspiration? | Diaphragm. |
| What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs? | Alveoli. |
| Which structure prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing? | Epiglottis. |
| What is tidal volume? | The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing. |