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Biology 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Q: What is aging? | A: Gradual decline of cell ability to repair/divide, caused by more cells dying than being replaced. |
| Q: What are telomeres? | A: Non-coding DNA at chromosome ends that protect coding genes. |
| Q: Why do telomeres shorten? | A: RNA primers cannot copy the very end of DNA during replication. |
| Q: What happens when telomeres get too short? | A: Coding DNA is lost → cell stops dividing → cell dies. |
| Q: What is telomerase? | A: Enzyme that rebuilds telomeres and can allow cells to divide forever. |
| Q: Why don’t adults produce telomerase? | A: To prevent immortality → avoid overpopulation and ecological collapse. |
| Q: What factors speed up aging? | A: Alcohol, drugs, smoking, UV sun, concussions (kill specific cells). |
| Q: What is DNA? | A: The molecule storing genetic information. |
| Q: What are chromosomes? | A: Condensed DNA packages used during cell division. |
| Q: What causes cells to die from DNA issues? | A: Loss of coding DNA, mutations, telomere loss. |
| Q: What is a mutation? | A: A change in DNA sequence causing defective proteins or cell death. |
| Q: What is cancer? | A: Uncontrolled cell division caused by mutations in cell cycle genes. |
| Q: What is a tumour? | A: A mass of abnormal cells that don’t function properly. |
| Q: Benign vs malignant tumour? | A: Benign = localized, non-cancerous. Malignant = invasive, spreads, cancerous. |
| Q: What is metastasis? | A: Spread of cancer through blood → secondary tumours. |
| Q: What is angiogenesis? | A: Tumours growing blood vessels for nutrients. |
| Q: What is screening? | A: Checking healthy people for early signs (pap smear, mammogram). |
| Q: What is diagnosis? | A: Confirming cancer after symptoms/lumps (biopsy). |
| Q: Endoscopy: advantage/disadvantage? | A: Clear view of digestive tract; invasive. |
| Q: Ultrasound: advantage/disadvantage? | A: Safe & non-invasive; low image detail. |
| Q: X-ray: advantage/disadvantage? | A: Good for bones; flat 2D image + radiation. |
| Q: CT scan: advantage/disadvantage? | A: Detailed 3D image; high radiation dose. |
| Q: MRI: advantage/disadvantage? | A: Best 3D image, no radiation; expensive. |
| Q: Surgery works best when? | A: Tumour is localized (not metastasized). |
| Q: Chemotherapy? | A: Drugs kill rapidly dividing cells (causes hair loss, nausea). |
| Q: Radiation? | A: Targeted energy damages DNA in tumour. |
| Q: Immunotherapy? | A: Trains immune system to kill cancer cells. |
| Q: What does ABCDE stand for? | A: A = Asymmetry B = Border C = Color D = Diameter (>6mm) E = Evolving |
| Q: Function of epithelial tissue? | A: Protection, absorption, secretion. |
| Q: Where is epithelial tissue found? | A: Skin, mouth lining, stomach, intestines, lungs, blood vessels. |
| Q: Function of connective tissue? | A: Supports, binds, protects other tissues. |
| Q: What makes connective tissue unique? | A: Cells secrete extracellular matrix (mostly collagen). |
| Q: Examples of connective tissue? | A: Bone, cartilage, blood, fat, tendons, ligaments. |
| Q: Main function of muscle tissue? | A: Movement (contracts using ATP). |
| Q: Types of muscle? | A: Skeletal, smooth, cardiac. |
| Q: Function of nervous tissue? | A: Sends signals; receives + processes information. |
| Q: What cells make up nervous tissue? | A: Neurons + neuroglia. |
| Q: Eyepiece function? | A: Magnifies 10×. |
| Q: Objective lenses? | A: Primary magnifiers (4×, 10×, 40×). |
| Q: Coarse adjustment knob? | A: Large focus changes on low power. |
| Q: Fine adjustment knob? | A: Precise focus on high power. |
| Q: Diaphragm? | A: Controls amount of light. |
| Q: Condenser? | A: Focuses light onto specimen. |
| Q: Total Magnification Formula? | A: Ocular × Objective. |
| Q: FOV (high power) formula? | A: FOV₂ = FOV₁ × (Mag₁ / Mag₂). |
| Q: Convert mm → µm? | A: Multiply by 1000. |
| Q: Object Size Formula? | A: FOV ÷ number of objects fitting across. |
| Q: Drawing Magnification Formula? | A: Drawing size ÷ actual size. |
| Q: Main function of mouth? | A: Mechanical + chemical digestion. |
| Q: Esophagus function? | A: Transports food (peristalsis). |
| Q: Stomach function? | A: Acid + enzyme digestion of proteins. |
| Q: Small intestine function? | A: Nutrient absorption (villi/microvilli). |
| Q: Large intestine function? | A: Water absorption. |
| Q: Liver function? | A: Produces bile. |
| Q: Pancreas function? | A: Produces enzymes + hormones. |
| Q: Nose function? | A: Filters, warms, moistens air. |
| Q: Trachea function? | A: Airway supported by cartilage rings. |
| Q: Bronchi/Bronchioles function? | A: Air distribution. |
| Q: Alveoli function? | A: Gas exchange (O₂ in, CO₂ out). |
| Q: Diaphragm function? | A: Muscle for breathing movement. |
| Q: What is hyperventilation? | A: Fast breathing → CO₂ drops → blood pH rises → dizziness. |
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user-2000907