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Stack #4578930
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Surface Currents | These transfer heat from tropical to polar regions, distribute nutrients, scatter organisms and influence weather and climate. |
| Wind | These waves tend to be less than 3m high, and have wavelengths between 60 - 150m in the ocean. |
| Gyre | Any large system of rotating ocean currents, particularly those involved with large wind movements. |
| Equator | Due to the warmth of the water, the molecules are slightly expanded in this region. |
| Poles | Due to the cold temperature of the water, the water molecules are slightly closer together in this region. |
| Countercurrents | Currents flowing on surface in opposite direction to main currents. |
| Undercurrents | |
| Eastern | Eddies do not tend to form in these boundary currents. |
| Transverse | The West Wind Drift is an example of this type of boundary current. |
| Western | These boundary currents are narrow and deep and have sharp boundaries. Eddies can form. |
| Sverdrop | This measurement of volume of water flow is equal to 1 million metres cubed per second. |
| Ekman Spiral | surface winds drive surface currents, and each layer of water drags the layer below, but the Coriolis Force changes each layer's direction slightly to make a spiral effect |
| Geostrophic Gyres | Gyres in balance between gravity and the Coriolis Effect. |
| Clockwise | Which direction do gyres flow in the Northern hemisphere? |
| Counterclockwise | Which direction do gyres flow in the Southern hemisphere? |
| Energy | Waves transmit _______________. |
| Long | Waves with ___________ wavelengths move the fastest. |
| Capillary waves | |
| Tides | daily ebb and flow of water caused by the gravitational pull of the sun and moon |
| Tsunami | Wave generated as a result of a seismic event. |
| Wave Frequency | Number of waves passing a fixed point per second. |
| Orbit | Nearly friction free transfer of energy from molecule to molecule in a circular path. |
| Progressive Wave | A wave of moving energy in which the wave form moves in one direction along the surface of the transmission medium. |
| Wave crest | The highest part of a wave. |
| Wave trough | Lowest part of a wave |
| Wavelength | Horizontal distance between two consecutive wave crests or wave troughs |
| Wave Height | Vertical distance between a wave crest and an adjacent wave trough |
| Deep | These waves move through water greater than 1/2 their wavelength. |
| Shallow | These waves move through water shallower than 1/20 their wavelength |
| Transitional | These waves travel though water deeper than 1/20 but shallower than 1/2 their wavelength |
| Capillary | Waves with a tiny wavelength less than 1.73cm. The restoring force is surface tension. |
| Gravity | These waves have a wavelength greater than 1.73cm. The restoring force is gravity and momentum. Wind waves are one example of these waves. |
| Swell | The smooth undulation (rising and falling of waves) of the ocean surface that forms as waves move away from the storm center where they are created. As waves move out and away from the storm center, they sort themselves out into groups of similar speeds a |
| Wave Trains | Progessing groups of swell with the same origin and wave length are known as this. |
| Fetch | Uninterupted distance over which the wind blows without significant change in direction. |
| Wind Strength | The length of time the wind blows, the fetch and this are three factors that affect wind wave development. |
| 1:7 | Maximum ratio of wave height to wavelength seen in the open ocean. Also known as wave steepness. |
| Break | Waves with a ratio greater than 1:7 will do this. |
| Destructive interference | The subtraction of wave energy as waves meet producing smaller waves. |
| Constructive interference | The addition of wave energy as waves meet producing larger waves. |
| Surf beat | A result of constructive and destructive interference that is seen on shore when waves do not all appear with a uniform size. Some are larger, some are smaller. |
| Rogue Wave | A single wave crest much higher than usual caused by constructive interference. |
| Semidiurnal | This type of tidal cycle is found commonly in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. |
| Diuranal | This type of tidal cycle is found commonly in the Gulf of Mexico. |
| Plunging Wave | A breaking wave in which the upper section topples forward and away from the bottom, forming an air-filled tube. |
| Spilling Wave | A breaking wave whose crest slides down the face of the wave. |
| Surging Wave | A wave that surges ashore without breaking. |
| Wave refraction | Slowing and bending of progressive waves in shallow water. |
| Wave diffraction | Bending of waves around obstacles. |
| Wave reflection | The reflection of progressive waves by a vertical barrier. Reflection occurs with little loss of energy. |
| Standing Wave | a wave in which water oscillates without causing progressive wave forward movement. there is no net transmission of energy in a standing wave |
| Lunar Tide | Tide caused by gravitational and inertial interaction of the moon and Earth. |
| Lunar Day | 24 hours 50 mins |
| Pytheas | Greek astronomer and navigator who first wrote about the connection between moon and the height of the tide. |
| High Tides | High water position corresponding to a tidal crest |
| Low Tides | Low water position corresponding to a tidal trough |
| Spring | These tides are a time of greatest variation between high and low tides. |
| Neap | These tides result in little variation in the height of tides. |
| Solar Tides | caused by the gravitational and inertial interaction of the sun and earth |
| Amphidromic Point | A "no-tide" point in an ocean caused by basin resonances, friction, and other factors around which tide crests rotate. About a dozen amphidromic points exist in the world ocean. Sometimes called a node. |
| Tidal Bore | A high, often breaking wave generated by a tide crest that advances rapidly up an estuary or river. |
| Tidal Range | is the difference in height between successive high and low tides |
| Tidal Datum | The reference level (0.0) from which tidal height is measured. |
| Slack Water | a time of no current, occurs at high and low tides when current change direction |
| Flood Current | water rushing into an enclosed area because of the rise in sea level as a tide crest approaches |
| Ebb Current | Water rushing out of an enclosed harbor or bay because of the fall in sea level as a tide trough approaches. |
| Salinity | A measure of the amount of dissolved salts in a given amount of liquid |
| Submersible | Underwater vehicle used in ocean exploration that is well constructed to withstand pressure. |
| Current | A large stream of moving water that flows through the oceans. |
| Upwelling | Process where water and nutrients from the bottom of ocean rises to the top. Nutrients transfered to the continent, makes farming better |
| Sonar | Ound NAvigation and Ranging—SONAR—is used to find and identify objects in water |
| Continental Shelf | |
| Continental Slope | A steep incline of the ocean floor leading down from the edge of the continental shelf. The part of the continental margin that lies between the continental shelf and the continental rise. |
| Abyssal Plain | Large area of extremely flat ocean floor lying near a continent and generally over 4 km in depth. |
| Mid-ocean Ridge | An underwater moutain chain where new ocean floor is formed. |
| Trench | When convergent plate boundaries slide under each other and create a depression (subduction zone is where they meet ) |
| Plate | One of the major parts in Earth's outer crust layer. |
| Seafloor Spreading | A phenomenon in which Earth's plates split apart causing more rock to erupt to the ocean floor. |
| Neuritic Zone | The area from low-tide to the edge of the continental shelf. |
| Inter tidal Zone | the area between the high-tide and the low-tide mark. |
| Open-Ocean Zone | the area of the ocean beyond the edge of the continental shelf. |
| Plankton | Almost microscopic algae and animals that are carried by current and waves. |
| Nekton | Animals that are free to swim through the water column. |
| Benthos | Animals that live at the bottom of a body of water. |
| Food Web | Relationships between plants and animals of a biome having to do with what they eat. |
| Estuary | a habitat where freshwater meets saltwater. |
| Zooplankton | small free-floating animals that form part of plankton that feed on marine algae. |
| Phytoplankton | Microscopic, free-floating, autotrophic plant organisms that function as producers in aquatic ecosystems |
| Marine organism | any living thing in an ocean |
| Depth | How to describe how deep something is |
| Producer | An organism that gets its food from light |
| Consumer | An organism that feeds on producers |
| Decomposer | An organism that feeds on dying organisms |
| Water pressure | The weight that water pushes downwards |
| Wave | The repeating and periodic disturbance that travels through a medium (e.g. water) from one location to another location. |
| crest | the top of a wave |
| Seamounts | underground mountains |
| Eastern boundary currents | Benguela Current, the Canary Current, the Humboldt Current, West Australian Current |
| Western boundary currents | Kurashio Current, Eastern Australian Current, Agulhas Current, Gulf Stream, Brazil Current |
| Plate tectonics | theory that describes the large-scale movement of the Earth's lithosphere. |
| Lithosphere | The lithosphere is the solid outer section of Earth, which includes Earth's crust (the "skin" of rock on the outer layer of planet Earth), as well as the underlying cool, dense, and rigid upper part of the upper mantle. The lithosphere extends from the su |
| What is lithosphere divided by? | Tectonic plates |
| Convergent plate boundary | Usually associated with trenches. A boundary between two plates of the Earth's crust that are pushing together. |
| Divergent plate boundary | Usually associated with Mid-Ocean Ridges. A boundary where two tectonic plates are moving away from one another. |
| Interactions of boundaries can further be defined by... | composition of the two lithospheric plates at the boundary. |
| Continental crust (land) is mostly composed of | Granitic rocks |
| Oceanic crust is mostly composed of... | Basaltic rocks |
| Which has a higher density and what are the densities? (Oceanic or continental) | Basaltic (oceanic) has higher density because it is 2.9 g/cm3 instead of 2.7 g/cm3. Continental is thicker than oceanic however. |
| Oceanic ridge | an elevated region with a central valley on an ocean floor at the boundary between two diverging tectonic plates where new crust forms from upwelling magma. |
| Ocean-ocean divergence | 2 oceanic plates diverging |
| Continent-continent divergence | 2 Continental plates diverging |
| Subduction | In convergent plate boundary when one tectonic plate sinks below another into the mantle |
| Ocean-continent convergence | |
| Ocean-Ocean convergence | |
| Transform Plate Boundaries | |
| Active margins | |
| Since continental crust has a lower density than oceanic crust... | Oceanic crust plates always go under the continental ones at boundaries |
| Passive Margins | Between oceanic and continental crusts and not undergoing subduction. In fact it's on the same plate! |
| How are reefs formed? | A volcanic island formed by tectonic activity and the shores are warm where coral can grow |
| Fringing Reef | The coral starts forming because it is attracted to the heat from the hydrothermal vents. Soon more animals move in creating a coral reef. This reef fringes of the island hence the name "Fringing Reef". |
| Barrier Reef | The reef continues to grow, but the volcanic island starts to eroded away leaving a stub of island left. Yet it is warm enough for the coral to grow and the coral continues almost creating something along the lines of a barrier. (Wall around island) |
| - The island has disappeared completely only leaving traces of the once island. - A roughly circular reef with an occasional small,low, coral sand island surrounding a shallow lagoon. now a lagoon. (Circular reef) | |
| Oceanic Circulation | Thermohaline Circulation, Surface currents, and coastal currents |
| Thermohaline Circulation (THC) | Thermo (heat) haline (salt) circulations are part of the large-scale ocean circulation that is thought to be driven by global density gradients created by surface heat and freshwater fluxes. Other names: meridional overturning circulation (often abbreviat |
| How are gyres formed | Coriolis Effect |
| What is the Coriolis Effect? | Causes fluids like water/air to curve as they travel across the Earth's surface planetary vorticity (basically twirls around) along with horizontal and vertical friction, which determine the circulation patterns from the wind curl (torque) |
| Five major gyres are | Indian Ocean Gyre, North Atlantic Gyre, North Pacific Gyre, South Atlantic Gyre, and South Pacific Gyre. |
| Coastal currents | currents that flow along/around the coastline. |
| These currents are affected by wind, waves, and the land by which they flow. | |
| What are the 2 main types of coastal current? | longshore currents and rip currents |
| Longshore Currents | An ocean current that moves parallel to shore. It is caused by large swells sweeping into the shoreline at an angle and pushing water down the length of the beach in one direction.Higher velocity More acute steeper slope is stronger |
| Longshore Currents | What affects them? As waves approach the coastline, parts of the wave hit the coastline first due to irregularities in the land. These parts of the wave are slowed down, while the other parts of the wave are not. waves do not approach the shore perpendicu |
| Wave height | The vertical distance between the highest (crest) and lowest (trough) parts of a wave. Twice amplitude |
| Wave frequency | The number of waves passing a fixed point in a specified period of time. Frequency has units of waves per second or cycles per second. Another unit for frequency is the Hertz (abbreviated Hz) where 1 Hz is equivalent to 1 cycle per second. 3.0 x10^8 / wav |
| Wave period | The time it takes for two successive crests (one wavelength) to pass a specified point. |
| Wave length (period) | Length from two crests or A to B |
| Wave speed | The wavelength divided by the wave period |
| What ratio makes waves break? | When wave steepness exceeds 1:7, breakers form. |
| Chop | Small waves cause ocean surface to be rough |
| Ripple - Often called Capillary waves | ruffling of the water's surface due to pressure variations of the wind on the water. Governed by surface tension |
| Standing wave | Waves that move back and forth (oscillate) in a vertical position. They do not move forward but appear as crests and troughs in a fixed position. Standing waves are created when a wave strikes an obstruction head-on and then are reflected backwards in the |
| Does the sun or the moon have a stronger influence on the gravitational pull of waves and why? | The moon has a stronger gravitational pull on the water because it on the water because it is closer to the earth even though the sun is larger. |
| Which tides are the strongest and why | Spring tides are the strongest because they have the combined pulls of the sun and moon ; are on a line |
| What are neap tides? | Sun and moon are perpendicular to each other; cancels out some chase for weaker tides |
| What are El Niño and La Niña? | |
| Jet Streams | Polar and Subtropical jet streams (caused by sections between polar and temporate and tropical) |
| Jet Streams | strongest during winter seasons - flow from west to east in northern hemisphere |
| Buoyancy | |
| Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler | measures the speed and direction of ocean currents using the principle of "Doppler shift." |
| The "Bushmaster" and the "Chimneymaster": | are large collection nets that can be closed by a submarine using a system of hydraulic cylinders and cables. They collect intact communities of tube worms and all associated hydrothermal vent fauna, either on the seafloor (using the Bushmaster) or on a s |
| Clod Cards | made of plaster of Paris or alabaster used to understand patterns of water motion over benthic organisms |
| Drifters | provide researchers with information about ocean circulation patterns in real time. |
| Satellites | detect and observe different characteristics and features of the Earth's atmosphere, lands, and ocean are often referred to as environmental satellites. Most environmental satellites have one of two types of orbits: geosynchronous or sun-synchronous. |
| Semipermeable Membrane Devices | monitor trace levels of organic contaminants. |
| collect many of the unique and fragile organisms found only in the deep ocean. | |
| Trawls | nets towed behind a boat to collect organisms |
| How deep is Bering strait? | Approx 0-200 miles |
| What is the ratio of calcium to potassium in a protein pump? | 3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in. |
| Bering Land Bridge | |
| Layers of the Ocean | Epipelagic Zone (sunlight) - 200m Mesopelagic Zone (twilight) - 1000m Bathypelagic Zone (midnight) - 4000m Abyssopelagic Zone - 6000m Hadal Zone ( trenches) |
| Turbidity Current | rapidly moving, sediment-laden water moving down a slope , through water |
| Bar | A mass of sand, gravel, or alluvium deposited on the bed of a stream, sea, or lake, or at the mouth of a stream |
| Continental Rise | The portion of the continental margin that lies between the abyssal plain and the continental slope. |
| Hydrothermal Vent | A fissure in a planet's surface from which geothermally heated water issues. |
| Bathymetry | The study of underwater depth of lake or ocean floors. The underwater equivalent to hypsometry or topography. |
| Wave-Cut Platform | A narrow-flat area at the base of a sea cliff |
| Siliceous Ooze | A pelagic sediment that covers large areas of the deep ocean floor composed of mostly those of diatoms and radiolarians. |
| A specific kind of water current that can be found near beaches. It is a strong, localized, and rather narrow current of water. It is strongest near the surface of the water, and it moves directly away from the shore, cutting through the lines of breaking |
Created by:
blueglaucus840