Question 1

What is the four pairs of abdominal muscles that compress abdominal contents

Accepted Answer

- External oblique
 - Internal oblique
 - Transversus abdominis
 - Rectus abdominis

Question 2

Purpose of fiber directions

Accepted Answer

Creates a crisscross pattern for strong abdominal wall support

Question 3

The transversus abdominis has fibers that run horizontally across the abdomen. (True/False)

Accepted Answer

True

Question 4

Is the diaphragm the prime mover of inhalation? (Yes/No)

Accepted Answer

Yes

Question 5

Two Parts of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Accepted Answer

•  Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) – activates the fight-or-flight response
•  Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) – restores calm after the threat is over

Question 6

Named two Role of Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) and Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)

Accepted Answer

•	Increases heart rate & breathing
•	Dilates pupils
•	Slows the heart rate
•	Constricts pupils

Question 7

The Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) is responsible for calming the body after a threat has passed.
True / False

Accepted Answer

False

Question 8

After a stressful event, does the Parasympathetic Nervous System help the body recover and return to balance?
Yes / No

Accepted Answer

Yes

Question 9

What is Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)?

Accepted Answer

A progressive neurodegenerative disorder that damages multiple brain regions and body systems, including motor control and autonomic functions.

Question 10

Which brain regions are mainly affected in MSA?

Accepted Answer

•	Cerebellum
•	Basal ganglia
•	Brainstem

Question 11

How does MSA progress over time?

Accepted Answer

Symptoms typically worsen over 5–10 years, leading to increasing disability.

Question 12

Alpha-synuclein buildup in brain support cells contributes to the development of MSA.
True / False

Accepted Answer

True

Question 13

Can MSA cause dangerous drops in blood pressure when standing (orthostatic hypotension)?
Yes / No

Accepted Answer

Yes

Question 14

Where is the anterior pituitary located, and what does it produce?

Accepted Answer

Located in the sella turcica at the base of the brain.
Produces GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, and prolactin (PRL).

Question 15

What hormones does the posterior pituitary store and release?

Accepted Answer

Stores and releases oxytocin and ADH (vasopressin).

Question 16

What do the parathyroid glands produce and what is their function?

Accepted Answer

Produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) to regulate calcium and phosphate balance.
They are separate from thyroid follicles.

Question 17

What hormones do the adrenal cortex and medulla produce?

Accepted Answer

•	Cortex: cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens
•	Medulla: epinephrine and norepinephrine (stress response)

Question 18

Parathyroid cells are located inside thyroid follicles.
True / False

Accepted Answer

False

Question 19

Does the thyroid gland release hormones that help regulate metabolism?
Yes / No

Accepted Answer

Yes

Question 20

What are the two major fetal shunts and what do they do?

Accepted Answer

•	Foramen ovale: Moves oxygenated blood from the right atrium → left atrium.
•	Ductus arteriosus: Connects pulmonary artery → aorta to bypass the lungs.

Question 21

In fetal circulation, the ductus arteriosus allows blood to bypass the lungs and enter the aorta.
True / False

Accepted Answer

True

Question 22

Does the closure of the foramen ovale occur because left atrial pressure increases after the first breath?
Yes / No

Accepted Answer

Yes

Question 23

What happens to fetal shunts after birth?

Accepted Answer

•	Foramen ovale closes, separating right and left atria.
•	Ductus arteriosus constricts and seals, establishing normal pulmonary circulation.

Question 24

Why is the term circulation not accurate for lymph flow?

Accepted Answer

Because the lymphatic system is a one-way drainage system, not a closed loop.
Lymph flows only from tissues toward central veins, not back to tissues

Question 25

What mechanisms move lymph through lymphatic vessels?

Accepted Answer

•	Intrinsic vessel contractions
•	Body movements
•	One-way valves that prevent backflow
No central pump is involved

Question 26

What happens if venous osmotic pressure increases?

Accepted Answer

•	More fluid is reabsorbed at the venous end
•	Less interstitial fluid is left behind
•	Less lymph is formed
•	Risk of swelling decreases

Question 27

Lymph flows in a closed loop similar to blood circulation.
True / False

Accepted Answer

False

Question 28

What is the purpose of mucus and cilia inside the trachea?

Accepted Answer

Mucus traps dust and germs, while cilia move particles upward to keep the lungs clean.

Question 29

Define tracheomalacia.

Accepted Answer

A disorder where tracheal cartilage becomes weak and floppy, causing airway collapse during breathing, coughing, or exertion.

Question 30

How is tracheomalacia diagnosed and treated?

Accepted Answer

•	Diagnosed mainly with bronchoscopy, plus CT or lung function tests.
•	Mild cases: monitoring, infection control, respiratory support
•	Severe cases: surgery, stents, or positive airway pressure devices

Question 31

The trachea stays open during breathing because of C-shaped rings of cartilage.
True / False

Accepted Answer

True

Lilon Kashani

Anatomy Week6-12

Question	Answer
What is the four pairs of abdominal muscles that compress abdominal contents	- External oblique - Internal oblique - Transversus abdominis - Rectus abdominis
Purpose of fiber directions	Creates a crisscross pattern for strong abdominal wall support
The transversus abdominis has fibers that run horizontally across the abdomen. (True/False)	True
Is the diaphragm the prime mover of inhalation? (Yes/No)	Yes
Two Parts of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)	• Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) – activates the fight-or-flight response • Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) – restores calm after the threat is over
Named two Role of Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) and Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)	• Increases heart rate & breathing • Dilates pupils • Slows the heart rate • Constricts pupils
The Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) is responsible for calming the body after a threat has passed. True / False	False
After a stressful event, does the Parasympathetic Nervous System help the body recover and return to balance? Yes / No	Yes
What is Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)?	A progressive neurodegenerative disorder that damages multiple brain regions and body systems, including motor control and autonomic functions.
Which brain regions are mainly affected in MSA?	• Cerebellum • Basal ganglia • Brainstem
How does MSA progress over time?	Symptoms typically worsen over 5–10 years, leading to increasing disability.
Alpha-synuclein buildup in brain support cells contributes to the development of MSA. True / False	True
Can MSA cause dangerous drops in blood pressure when standing (orthostatic hypotension)? Yes / No	Yes
Where is the anterior pituitary located, and what does it produce?	Located in the sella turcica at the base of the brain. Produces GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, and prolactin (PRL).
What hormones does the posterior pituitary store and release?	Stores and releases oxytocin and ADH (vasopressin).
What do the parathyroid glands produce and what is their function?	Produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) to regulate calcium and phosphate balance. They are separate from thyroid follicles.
What hormones do the adrenal cortex and medulla produce?	• Cortex: cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens • Medulla: epinephrine and norepinephrine (stress response)
Parathyroid cells are located inside thyroid follicles. True / False	False
Does the thyroid gland release hormones that help regulate metabolism? Yes / No	Yes
What are the two major fetal shunts and what do they do?	• Foramen ovale: Moves oxygenated blood from the right atrium → left atrium. • Ductus arteriosus: Connects pulmonary artery → aorta to bypass the lungs.
In fetal circulation, the ductus arteriosus allows blood to bypass the lungs and enter the aorta. True / False	True
Does the closure of the foramen ovale occur because left atrial pressure increases after the first breath? Yes / No	Yes
What happens to fetal shunts after birth?	• Foramen ovale closes, separating right and left atria. • Ductus arteriosus constricts and seals, establishing normal pulmonary circulation.
Why is the term circulation not accurate for lymph flow?	Because the lymphatic system is a one-way drainage system, not a closed loop. Lymph flows only from tissues toward central veins, not back to tissues
What mechanisms move lymph through lymphatic vessels?	• Intrinsic vessel contractions • Body movements • One-way valves that prevent backflow No central pump is involved
What happens if venous osmotic pressure increases?	• More fluid is reabsorbed at the venous end • Less interstitial fluid is left behind • Less lymph is formed • Risk of swelling decreases
Lymph flows in a closed loop similar to blood circulation. True / False	False
What is the purpose of mucus and cilia inside the trachea?	Mucus traps dust and germs, while cilia move particles upward to keep the lungs clean.
Define tracheomalacia.	A disorder where tracheal cartilage becomes weak and floppy, causing airway collapse during breathing, coughing, or exertion.
How is tracheomalacia diagnosed and treated?	• Diagnosed mainly with bronchoscopy, plus CT or lung function tests. • Mild cases: monitoring, infection control, respiratory support • Severe cases: surgery, stents, or positive airway pressure devices
The trachea stays open during breathing because of C-shaped rings of cartilage. True / False	True

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