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Anatomy

Heart Anatomy and Development

QuestionAnswer
What are the three major plasma proteins? Albumin – maintains osmotic pressure Globulins – antibodies & transport proteins Fibrinogen – clot formation
What is the structure of red blood cells (RBCs)? Biconcave discs No nucleus or organelles Flexible membrane Packed with hemoglobin
Name other key solutes in blood plasma Electrolytes (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺), nutrients (glucose, amino acids), gases (O₂/CO₂), hormones, and metabolic wastes (urea, bilirubin)
What is hemoglobin and what does it do A protein with 4 globin chains and 4 heme groups, each containing iron. It binds and transports oxygen (and some CO₂).
How are white blood cells (WBCs) classified? Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils Agranulocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes
What are neutrophils and their function? Most abundant WBC. Phagocytosis of bacteria. First responders during infection.
What are eosinophils and their function? Fight parasites and participate in allergic reactions.
What are basophils and their function? Release histamine and heparin → inflammation & anticoagulation.
What are lymphocytes and their function? B-cells (antibodies), T-cells (cell-mediated immunity), NK cells (destroy abnormal cells).
What are monocytes and their function? A: What are monocytes and their function? A:
Describe the structure of platelets Fragments of megakaryocytes; contain granules with clotting factors; small, disc-shaped; no nucleus
What is the function of platelets? Start blood clotting, form platelet plug, release factors that stabilize clots.
Presence of A and/or B antigens on RBCs
Why is type AB the universal recipient? Has no antibodies against A or B antigens.
What determines the Rh blood group? Presence (Rh⁺) or absence (Rh⁻) of the D antigen on RBCs.
Why is Rh important in pregnancy? Rh⁻ mother carrying Rh⁺ fetus → risk of hemolytic disease of the newborn
Where is the heart located in the body? In the thoracic cavity, in the mediastinum, between the lungs, behind the sternum, above the diaphragm.
How is the heart positioned? Apex: left/inferior Base: superior/right 2/3 of heart left of midline
What are the atrioventricular (AV) valves? Tricuspid (RA → RV) Mitral/Bicuspid (LA → LV)
Name the four heart chambers Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.
What are the semilunar valves? Pulmonary (RV → pulmonary trunk) Aortic (LV → aorta)
Describe the internal anatomy of the ventricles Thick myocardium, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, interventricular septum.
Describe the major external features of the heart Apex, base, coronary sulcus, interventricular sulci, auricles, great vessels
What are the major coronary arteries? Left coronary artery (LCA) → LAD & circumflex Right coronary artery (RCA) → marginal & posterior interventricular
What are the major coronary veins? Great, middle, small cardiac veins → coronary sinus → right atrium
Great, middle, small cardiac veins → coronary sinus → right atrium Ductus venosus Foramen ovale Ductus arteriosus
What is the foramen ovale and what does it become? RA → LA opening; becomes fossa ovalis after birth.
What is the ductus arteriosus and what does it become? Pulmonary trunk → aorta; becomes ligamentum arteriosum
When does the fetal heart start beating? Around week 4 of development.
Why does fetal circulation bypass the lungs? Lungs are collapsed and nonfunctional until birth; gas exchange occurs in the placenta.
Created by: FlashCards2025
 

 



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