Digestion is the process that chemically and mechanically breaks complex foods into simpler nutrients that can be absorbed.

What is the enteric nervous system (ENS) and why is it called the “second brain”?

The ENS is a network of neurons in the GI wall that independently controls motility, secretion, and digestion; it is called the “second brain” because it can operate independently of the CNS.

Name the two main plexuses of the ENS.

Myenteric (Auerbach) plexus and submucosal (Meissner) plexus.

What are the three stages of swallowing (deglutition)?

Oral stage (voluntary), pharyngeal stage (involuntary), esophageal stage (involuntary).

What is the difference between peristalsis and segmentation?

Peristalsis propels food along the GI tract; segmentation mixes food with digestive juices to enhance absorption.

What is chemical digestion?

The breakdown of food molecules into simpler substances through hydrolysis by digestive enzymes.

An inactive enzyme that must be activated by another enzyme (kinase) to function.

Name the enzyme in saliva that digests starch and the enzymes that digest disaccharides in the small intestine.

Saliva: salivary amylase (ptyalin); Small intestine: sucrase, lactase, maltase.

Why do enzymes have an optimal pH?

Changes in pH alter the enzyme’s shape, which can inactivate it or reduce its efficiency.

Which nutrients require chemical digestion to be absorbed?

Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

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Digestion

Anatomy

Question	Answer
What is digestion?	Digestion is the process that chemically and mechanically breaks complex foods into simpler nutrients that can be absorbed.
What is the enteric nervous system (ENS) and why is it called the “second brain”?	The ENS is a network of neurons in the GI wall that independently controls motility, secretion, and digestion; it is called the “second brain” because it can operate independently of the CNS.
Name the two main plexuses of the ENS.	Myenteric (Auerbach) plexus and submucosal (Meissner) plexus.
What are the three stages of swallowing (deglutition)?	Oral stage (voluntary), pharyngeal stage (involuntary), esophageal stage (involuntary).
What is the difference between peristalsis and segmentation?	Peristalsis propels food along the GI tract; segmentation mixes food with digestive juices to enhance absorption.
What is chemical digestion?	The breakdown of food molecules into simpler substances through hydrolysis by digestive enzymes.
What is a proenzyme?	An inactive enzyme that must be activated by another enzyme (kinase) to function.
Name the enzyme in saliva that digests starch and the enzymes that digest disaccharides in the small intestine.	Saliva: salivary amylase (ptyalin); Small intestine: sucrase, lactase, maltase.
Why do enzymes have an optimal pH?	Changes in pH alter the enzyme’s shape, which can inactivate it or reduce its efficiency.
Which nutrients require chemical digestion to be absorbed?	Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

Created by: user-1990463

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