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ANSC 107 Test 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Increased bacteria if transmitted to fast creates | acidosis |
| What are the top 3 issues associated with digestive systems? | Acidosis} only on grass= no issue Thymine Deficiency} only on grass= no issue Urinary Calculi- Phosphorus |
| Mechanical digestion | Chewing and grinding |
| Chemical digestion | salivary amylase- digests sugar Hydrochloric acid- unwinds the protein |
| What are the actions of digestion that all humans do? | Mechanical Chemical Microbial |
| What do millions of bacteria in rumen or cecum break carbs into | Volatile Fatty Acids |
| Why do cows lick their nose? | provide salivary amalyse |
| What is the abomasum? | 4th compartment |
| What is the cecum equivalent to? | Rumen |
| What does the cecum do? | makes VFA's to produce energy |
| Where does microbial digestion occur in humans? | Large Intestine |
| What can bacteria not break down? | Bypass proteins |
| What organ is the evolutionary cecum in humans? | Appendix |
| How many essential amino acids are there? | 20 |
| What species needs lysine? | Swine |
| What species are monogastric? | Humans and Swine |
| What do humans have to eat to get the essential amino acids? | Red Meat |
| What species are modified monogastric? | Horses and birds |
| What are modified monogastrics? | Single stomach but specialized components that aid in digestion |
| What is the deamination rxn? | enzymes remove an amino acid group, and is converted to ammonia |
| What is the result of deamination rxn? | carb-skeleton to make energy, glucose or participate in the Kreb Cycle |
| What are bypass proteins? | Structure that bacteria can't break down |
| What is the order of digestion in the ruminant tract? | 1.Reticulum 2.Rumen 3,Omasum 4.Abomasum |
| What part of the ruminant tract is similar to the crop in a bird? | Reticulum |
| What does green goo mean from a digestive tract? | protein and live bacteria |
| What are the VFA's? | Propionate Acetate Butyrate |
| Why does the pH in the rumen need to be neutral? | Bacteria will die, then killing the rumen |
| What is the needed pH in the rumen? | 6.8 |
| What does MCP stand for? | Microbial Crude Protein ; Bacteria |
| When do you supplement protien? | feces is loose |
| How long is the small intestine in a horse? | 70 ft. |
| Why does colic occur? | when the gut is twisted |
| What is the one thing horses can not due that other animals can? | Vomit, due to length of esophagus |
| Where do horses produce VFA's and have MCP? | Cecum |
| What is cophrogy? | eating feces to enhance digestion, due to being hind gut fermenters |
| What is the passage rate of a monogastric? | 8-12 hours |
| What is the passage rate of a ruminants? | 96-120 hours |
| How many hours does rumination occur? | 6-8 hours |
| What is the passage rate of a horse? | 10 hours |
| What do the salivary glands secrete in monogastric animals? | Water, Mucin, Bicarbonate Salts |
| What do dark green patches of grass mean? | High Nitrogen concentrate |
| What is the difference in the mouth from ruminants? | no enzymes are secreted provides source of N, P, and K- which is recycled to leave in the system |
| What is route of nitrogen in ruminants? | nitrogen is recycled from the blood to the salivary glands where it is incorporated to saliva primarily as urea |
| Where does urea cross? | Rumen wall |
| What organ moves ingested material? | Esophagus |
| What are the muscular contractions in the esophagus called? | Peristaltic waves |
| What is renin's job? | Clots milk |
| How do wild pigs get extra protein? | due to them being scavengers |
| What is the esophagus difference in a horse? | only one way peristaltic waves |
| What tells the brain that the animal is full? | stretch receptors |
| What does passage rate depend on? | how digestible carbs are to move through the system |
| How many days does it take a calf to have a functional rumen? | 60 days |
| What does a calf have that does goes away when food is entered into the system? | Esophageal grove |
| What is the volume of the rumen? | 80% |
| Which part of the stomach is known as the honeycomb? | Reticulum |
| What are the walls lined with in the reticulum? | mucus membrane |
| What do the intersecting ridges in the reticulum do? | they subdivide the surface into a honeycomb like surface |
| What human organ is responsible for absorption? | Small intestine |
| What stomach is the large, hollow, muscular compartment which extend from the diaphragm to the pelvis and nearly fills the left side of the abdominal cavity? | Rumen |
| What is the rumen walls lined with? | Papillae |
| What is the absorption site in the rumen? | papillae |
| What does the papillae absorption site in the rumen make? | VFA's |
| What type of hay creates a good rumen surface? | long stemmy hay |
| What does the rumen contract with? | bacteria infused juice |
| What does the esophageal grove by pass in ruminants? | the rumen and reticulum |
| What are the rumen functions? | Storage Soaking Physical mixing and breakdown Fermentation chamber |
| What causes bloat in ruminant animals? | Too much methane gas produced in the rumen |
| What does the fermenting chamber produce? | VFA Water Soluble B vitamin K vitamin |
| What type of relationship does the rumen and microbes have? | Symbiotic relationship |
| What does the bacteria provide to the rumen | VFA- energy MCP-protein Vitamin K B vitamins carbohydrate skeleton from carbohydrates sources to form their own body protein |
| Why is body protein from Nitrogen source with carbon skeleton critical? | needed for animals to live |
| What feedstuff provides vitamin A to ruminants? | Grass |
| What organ is full of vitamin A? | Liver |
| What are the VFA's used for? | Main energy sources |
| Which VFA is higher in grain fed animals? | Propionate |
| Which VFA is higher in grazing animals? | Acetate |
| Which VFA has no change regardless of feeding? | Butyrate |
| What does propionate make? | White fat |
| What animal should acetate be used in? | Dairy cows |
| What does eructation create? | Belching of gas |
| What does belching make in a ruminant animal | microbial fermentation= large amounts CO2 and methane |
| If microbial fermentation gases are not released what occurs? | Bloat |
| What is the purpose of the urea cycle? | preservation of nitrogen in the system |
| What is the omasum utilized for? | to reduce particle size and absorption of water |
| What is veal? | animals that have been continually bottle fed, precents a different color in meat |
| How can you speed up the ruminant process? | Creep feed and probiotic |
| Why can mature cows not eat creep feed? | causes acidosis |
| How long is colostrum produced after birth? | 30 hours |
| What does colostrum do? | Develop immune system Gap junctions Starts digestion in abomasum |
| What is the first glandular portion of the ruminant GIT | Abomasum |
| What does the abomasum have to be very strong for? | to create mucus |
| How often is the lining in the stomach replaced? | 4-6 days |
| What is the pH of the stomach for swine and horses | 2-3 |
| What does the acidic pH of the stomach for swine and horses do to proteins? | denatures |
| What digestive juices does the stomach of swine and horses secrete? | HCL Gastrin Pepsin Renin |
| What is the function of HCL in a monogastric stomach? | activate pepsin |
| What is the function of pepsin in a monogastric stomach? | chops protein |
| What is the function of rennin in a monogastric stomach? | milk clotting |
| What does stress create in a monogastric stomach? | decreased lining replacement= ulcers |
| How do you treat an ulcer in a monogastric stomach? | treat with banamine |
| What does the stomach of a horse have unlike other species? | Larger then others two regions: glandular and non-glandular |
| What are the glandular and non-glandular regions separated by? | Margo plicatus |
| What does pepto help relive? | lining and acid effect on stomach |
| What region doesn't heal itself well? | Non-glandular region |
| What does gastrin's role? | to release the digestive enzymes |
| When is gastrin released? | Stomach distension Hypercalcemia Presence of partially digested proteins especially amino acids |
| What is gastrin inhibited by? | HCL and somatostatin |
| What does HCL do? | Activates pepsin Makes the majority of gastric acid Secreted by parietal cells |
| What does pepsinogens do? | Begins protein digestion Degrades food proteins into peptides |
| What cells secrete HCL | Secreted by parietal cells |
| What releases pepsinogens? | Chief cells |
| What is rennin? | Complex of enzymes in any mammal stomach to digest the mother's milk |
| What are the 3 parts of the small intestine? | Duodenum Jejunum Ileum |
| Where do digestive enzymes enter? | Duodenum |
| What organ can humans not live without? | Liver |
| What does the liver control in humans? | Bile salts and cholesterol |
| What do bile salts do? | emulsify fats and activate lipase, that breaks lipids |
| What is stored in the gallbladder? | Bile salts that emulsify fats and neutralize acidic chyme |
| What provides vitamin A to mammals? | green plants |
| What was the first thing ate from animals in the old days? | liver |
| What are the 3 sections of the large intestine? | Cecum Colon Rectum |
| What does is the job of the large intestine? | Microbial digestion Absorption of water Synthesis of B vitamins |
| How big is the large intestine in the horse? | 60% of GIT |
| What is the job of the cecum in the horse? | Bacterial Fermentation Synthesis of water soluble vitamins and vitamin K Proteins considered of limited value to horse |
| What are some of the digestive issues associated with the digestive system? | Founder Colic Acidosis Urinary Calculi |
| What causes founder? | To many carbs that deform the foot wall |
| How much is the total cost in livestock production is feed related? | 50-80% |
| What is a nutrient? | feed that aids in the support of life |
| What is the white part inside the popcorn kernel? | endosperm |
| Why is gradual transition important in ruminants? | to allow bacteria to adapt other wise acidosis or bloat could happen |
| How much more taste does a fat have more then a carb? | 2X |
| What can fluctuate due to amount and type depending on season? | Hay |
| What is the indigestible part of the cell wall? | lignin |
| What is cellulose and hemicellulose digested by? | microbes |
| What can be digested from a plant cell? | Intracellular Contents |
| What does further processing increase? | digestability |
| What can cause obesity? | too many very digestible foods |
| What is in every animal feed and the most important? | water |
| What organic mater contains nitrogen? | protein |
| What can impact water intake? | temperature outside activity quality of water size of animal feed type being used stage of production-lactation |
| What is the way feces lose water? | spiral colon that creates pellets |
| How do you lose more water? | overconsuming water |
| What do disulfide bridges do in the digestive system? | to stabilize the protein structures that influence the protein's function and how it's broken down by digestive enzymes |
| What does nitrogen build? | Amino acids |
| What do deamination rxns do for ruminants? | remove NH2 to convert to the amino acids needed |
| What do ruminants animal suffer from when fed to high of protein diets and makes ulcers? | Pizzle rot |
| What amino acids contain sulfur? | methionine and cystine |
| What amino acid do cats need? | arginine |
| How many essential amino acids are there? | 10 |
| What makes all the essential amino acids in ruminant animals? | bacteria in the rumen |
| What protein is high quality? | Animal protein |
| How much protein is in corn? | 10% |
| How much protein does young ruminants need? | 18-24% |
| How much of urea can be fed to ruminants? | not more than 1-2% |
| What are some examples of undegradable proteins? | fish meal, bone meal, and feather meal |
| Why can ruminants not consume ruminant byproducts? | M.A.D. Cow diesease |
| What is the most limiting nutrient in feeds? | energy |
| How long are fatty acid chains? | 2-24 carbons |
| What are lipids greater in than other nutrients? | energy density |
| What are the end products of carb digestion in the ruminants? | 3 volatile fatty acids |
| What do VFA's provide to ruminants? | energy source |
| How many carbons are in each VFA? | Acetic acid-2 carbons Propionic acid- 3 carbons Butyric acid- 4 carbons |
| What are the disaccharides that are alpha linkages? | Sucrose and Lactose |
| What are the disaccharides that is a beta linkage? | Cellobiose or complex carbs |
| What are simple carbohydrates? | alpha linkage of glucose molecules |
| What roles do vitamins play in the digestive system? | regulators of metabolism and antibody synthesis where animals acquire immunity to disease |
| What allows egg yolk to present as yellow? | xanthophylls which presents with carotenoid pigment that provides health benefits |
| Where is vitamin A stored in the body? | liver 4-6 months |
| What does beta carotene provide to the body? | color in fruits and vegetables that allows the body to convert to vitamin A |
| What is associated with vitamin A defeciency? | night blindness, and decrease in spermatogenesis and fetal reabsorption |
| What vitamin is provided by sunlight? | Vitamin D |
| What is the mineral in vitamin D in animals and plants? | Animals-Cholecalciferol Plants-Ergocalciferol |
| What is the function of vitamin D? | enhance intestinal absorption, mobilization and retention of calcium and phosphorus |
| What diseases are associated with vitamin D deficiency? | Rickets (osteomalaria) and urinary calculi |
| What does vitamin D act as? | type of hormone |
| What is another name for vitamin E? | tocopherols |
| What vitamin is also known as intra and intercellular antioxidants? | Vitamin E |
| What is carotene needed for? | for generation of visual purple in eye |
| What kingdom is vitamin A only found in? | animals |
| What is vitamin A needed for? | maintaining epithelia tissue producing fluid that protects the eye adjusting to bright lights |
| What levels can decline as forage declines | carotenes |
| What is the provitamins in animals for vitamin D? | 7-dehydrocholesterol |
| What is the provitamins in plants for vitamin D? | ergosterol |
| What activates vitamin D? | ultraviolet light (sunshine) |
| What is an vitamin E antioxidant? | free radical scavenger |
| What does vitamin E help with for vitamin A? | helps with storage in the liver |
| What is the defenciency of vitamin E? | white muscle disease |
| What mineral goes with vitamin E? | selenium |
| What does vitamin E help protect? | cells from phagocytosis and associated byproducts |
| What can be given to treat the white muscle disease? | BO-SE containing vitamin E and Selenium |
| What is the vitamin responsible for normal blood clotting? | vitamin K |
| What are the sources of vitamin K? | green leafy plants, some from gut bacteria |
| What do legumes and clovers produce? | dicumarol |
| What is the B1 Vitamin? | Thiamine |
| What is thiamine used for? | maintenance of nervous system and carbohydrate metabolism to release energy. |
| What is a nervous disorder caused by thiamine deficiency? | Beriberi- in humans |
| What is the B3 vitamin? | Niacin |
| What is the niacin deficiency? | Pellegra, with the 3 D's (diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis) |
| Where was pellegra discovered? | early prisons |
| What was symptoms are associated with niacin? | Depression, irritability, and hallucinations |
| What is the B12 vitamin used for? | Prevention of pernicquos anemia and depressed growth |
| What is folic acid for? | tooth development of the fetus |
| Coenzyme A is needed for the Kreb Cycle for which B vitamin? | Thiamine |
| What are the important macro minerals? | Calcium Phosphorus Sodium Sulfur Chlorine |
| What is the ratio of Ca to P in order to prevent urinary calculi? | 2:1 |
| What micro minerals are responsible for oxygen transport? | Iron and Copper |
| What micro mineral is in the thyroid gland? | Iodine |
| What mineral binds to copper to cure copper toxicity? | molybdenum |
| What species is coper toxicity a concern in? | sheep and goats |
| How much salt should a mature animal consume daily? | 0.25-0.50 oz |
| What mineral is fed free choice? | salt |
| What can tetracyclines cause in ruminants animals? | disrupting rumen microflora and decrease efficiency |
| What is Ca and P responsible for? | development of skeleton |
| What metabolic problems does Ca develop rapidly? | Tetany and Urinary calculi |
| What is tetany? | neurologic issue |
| Forages are high in which mineral? | Ca |
| What must be added to forages to account for low P? | dicalcium phosphate or limestone |
| Grains are high in which mineral? | P |
| What are you more likely to see with grains? | urinary calculi |
| Why does the type of grain matter in Ca and P levels? | certain grains and areas where are grown do not have imbalances depending on what was previously grown there |
| What is mineral is grass tetany linked to? | Mg |
| How does grass tetany occur? | Lush pastures |
| What can grass tetany be tied to? | Ca |
| What does K maintain? | Intracellular fluids and osmotic pressure |
| What do animals present with when low K? | listlessness and stiffness |
| What animals typically have an issue with low K? | feedlots |
| What mineral is most needed in animals that produce wool? | Sulfur |
| What is associated with fiber growth? | disulfide bridges |
| Why must N:S ration be monitored? | issue with high urea feeds |
| Over what percent can a sulfur toxicity issue occur? | 0.4 |
| What can form from toxicity problems? | sulfide gas in the rumen or cecum, it acts as cyanide gas |
| Sulfur has a dietary interaction with what two minerals? | Mo and Cu |
| What does sulfur form with Mo and Cu that decreases there utilization? | insoluble complexes |
| Why does S bind to Cu? | to inhibit the absorption of Cu in specifically small ruminants |
| What physical attribute does S affect? | coats in animals |
| What mineral is needed for thyroid hormones, t3 and t4? | Iodine |
| What is the common signs of Iodine deficiency, goiter | Swelling under jaw |
| What eliminates the issue of goiter? | feeding iodized salt |
| What is Cu responsible for? | Nervous system Pigmentation of skin |
| How much of Cu do sheep need? | 7-11ppm |
| What influences Cu levels? | S and Mo levels |
| What breeds of sheep are less susceptible to Cu toxicity? | hair sheep |
| What is iron needed for? | blood, and its oxygen carrying capacity |
| What does anemia a deficiency of? | Iron |
| What is associated with iron that causes major blood loss? | heavy parasite load |
| Which mineral have minor needs in the body? | Zn, Mo, Co |
| What is Zn responsible for? | Reproductive performance and immune function |
| What mineral is responsible for synthesis of B12 | Co |
| What organization regulates selenium use? | USDA |
| What is selenium need for? | cardiac and skeletal muscle function, early embryonic development and tooth development |
| What places used arsenic? | old cotton feilds |
| What do we use to treat arsenic? | selenium due to deficiency due to heavy arsenic use |
| What are Chlortetracycline and Oxytetracycline? | Anti-microbials |
| What is harmful to sheep at high levels and toxic to horses? | ionophore |
| What is recommended to prevent calculi? | Ammonium chloride |
| How much protein do ruminants need to make the bacteria happy? | 10% |
| What fluctuates with species? | % crude protein needed |
| What is needed to be high in ruminants for feed analysis? | % fiber |
| No more then 12% in sheep for what two minerals? | Iron/Cu |
| What does fat tell us in a diet? | energy level from 3-6% |
| How much fiber do ruminants need in their diet? | 13% |
| What is the feed materials in roughages? | low in energy and > 18% crude fiber |
| What is the protein content in roughages? | varies from 4-22% |
| What rations need roughages in bulk? | ruminant |
| What type of females need lots of forage for acetate | lactating females |
| What minerals are greater than most concentrate? | Ca and trace minerals |
| What foodstuff are higher in B vitamins and protein than concentrates? | Legumes |
| What is a better source of fat soluble vitamins than concentrates? | roughages |
| What is limited or excluded in swine rations? | roughages |
| What does older grass lose? | its nutritional value |
| Why do lactating dairy cows and all ruminants NEED roughages? | more roughage=more cud produced=lower pH |
| What produces heat from roughages? | microbial activity |
| What are carbonaceous concentrates? | grains |
| What are grains low in? | fiber and protein |
| What are grains high in? | energy |
| What is the quality of protein in grains? | generally low |
| What has to happen for rations that are fair in P and low in Ca? | it has to be balanced to level the Ca to meet the Ca:P ratio |
| What are examples of carbonaceous concentrates? | corn and milo |
| What are problems associated with carbonaceous concentrates? | acidosis founder killing of microbes |
| What is high in proteinaceous concentrates? | > 20% protein high energy |
| What must happen with rations that contain proteinaceous concentrates? | ration must be balanced |
| If forage is limited what must be supplemented? | energy |
| If energy is limited what must be supplemented, and to what level? | protein, 30-40% |
| What are examples of proteinaceous concentrates? | Soybean meal Cottonseed meal |
| What must the body need to break down fish meal and blood meal? | HCl and pepsins |
| How often must energy be fed? | daily |
| How often must protein be fed | every 3rd day |
| Why must salt be added to rations? | to create self limiting rations and preventing overeating |
| What are urea and biuret examples of? | non-protein nitrogen sources |
| What will protein substitutes only work with? | high concentrate rations |
| What happens once maintenance ration is met? | the remaining goes to production, of fetus or milk |
| What is the nutrients required of maintenance? | 50% of all feed |
| What is the estimated range of maintenance in the feedlot cattle? | 30-40% |
| What is the estimated range of maintenance in range beef cattle? | > 90% |
| What is the two feedstuff that provides lots of amino acids? | corn and soybean meal |
| What does stage of production determine? | nutrient needed |
| What is the most limiting nutrient? | Energy |
| What does bacteria make? | the needed amino acids |
| What do ruminants need to continue their microbial life? | nitrogen |
| What does flushing do to the body? | tricks the body to increase the ovulation rate |
| What causes dystocia? | excessive energy in the last trimester |
| How many pets are there in the U.S. | 360 million |
| What is the difference in grain pet food? | Increase in fiber, odor, and poop |
| What happens to feeds that have fixed ingredients? | price increases with the price of those commodities |
| What takes a small amount to kill a dog? | ethelyne glycol |
| What does chocolate contain? | theobromine |
| What plant is extremely toxic? | easter lilies |
| What insect eliminated chigger and ticks? | fire ants |
| What disease do ticks transmit? | rocky mountain spotted fever and lyme disease |
| Which worms are zoonotic and live in the intestines of animals? | roundworms |
| What is giardia caused by? | contaminated water |
| What is the disease that is very important and zoonotic especially transmitted from feral animals? | rabies |
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