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Psych
Research Methods, History of Psych
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychology | The scientific study of behavior and mental processes, or mind, brain, behavior |
| Mind | Private inner experience |
| Brain | Physical basis of the mind |
| Behavior | Observable actions of humans and nonhuman animals |
| Multidimensional approach, Vertical Perspectives | Molecule to mind |
| Multidimensional approach, Horizontal Perspectives | Across different groups of people |
| Clinical Psychology | Understand and treat mental illness |
| Cognitive Psychology | Basic skills and processes in attention, memory, language, perception |
| Cultural Psychology | How geography, national beliefs, and religious, values influence on mental life and behavior |
| Developmental | How people change across the lifespan |
| Health | Relationship between psychological processes and physical health |
| Insustrial Organizational | How people interact at work, and within different organizational structures |
| Relationships | Quality of romantic relationships and close friendships |
| Social/Personality | How people interact |
| Psychology has only existed with a name since | 1800s |
| Plato | Nativism, Certain kinds of knowledge are inborn or innate |
| Aristotle | Empiricism,All knowledge is acquired through experience |
| Rene Descartes | Dualism,Mind and body made of fundamentally different substances Physical principles do not apply to the mind Experimental methods used in other sciences not applicable to studying the mind |
| Thomas Hobbes, Francis Bacon | Mind is the activity of the brain, not a separate substance Thoughts can be broken down into simpler components, the same way molecules are composed of atoms |
| Hermann von Helmholtz | Measured the time it took an electrical impulse to travel along a frog’s nerve. Measured human reaction time to respond to different stimuli -- Measured the relationship between physical luminance of a light and human judgment of brightness. |
| Ivan Pavlov | Started out studying digestion, in dogs Became interested in learning... because he noticed that the dogs started drooling when they saw the person who usually fed them |
| William Wundt | Started first psychology laboratory: 1879 Considered human consciousness the primary thing to be studied |
| Structuralism | Try to find the basic elements of the mind by analyzing consciousness into simpler sensations and feelings |
| Functionalism | Psychologists should focus on how mental processes help people adapt to their environment Inspired by Charles Darwin’s work on evolution |
| Behaviorist psychology emerges | Psychologists should only study what can be objectively measured. Namely. The environment: the sensory stimuli a person or animal experiences AND The person or animal’s behavioral response |
| Watson | Human reflexes can be conditioned |
| Skinner | A behavior that is rewarded becomes more frequent |
| Descriptive | Just measure what occurs, Naturalistic Observation, Self report, Case Study |
| Correlational | Measure the relationship between two factors |
| Experimental | ALTER one variable (the independent variable), measure influence on another variable (the dependent variable) |
| Basic principles of Animal Participant studies | Replace, Reduce, Reuse |
| Replace | Does the research question require live animals? |
| Reduce | Smallest number necessary (good experimental design, no unnecessary duplication of experiments |
| Refine | Use least-invasive methods possible, humane living conditions, anesthesia if surgery occurs, pain-relieving drugs after any surgery |
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