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anatomy set 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the axial muscles? | muscles that support and move the head, neck, vertebral column, and trunk; they also help with breathing and protect abdominal/pelvic organs |
| what are appendicular muscles? | muscles that move the limbs and stabilize the pectoral and pelvic girdles |
| main functions of axial muscles | posture, breathing, facial expressions, swallowing, stabilizing the spine |
| main functions of appendicular muscles | movement of arms and legs (walking, lifting, reaching), stabilizing shoulders and hips |
| examples of axial muscles | sternocleidomastoid, intercostals, diaphragm, erector spine, obliques |
| examples of appendicular muscles | deltoid, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteus maximus |
| which muscle group includes facial expression muscles? | axial muscles |
| which muscle group controls limb movement? | appendicular muuscles |
| are pelvic floor muscles axial or appendicular? | axial- they support organs and assist with posture |
| are shoulder girdle muscles axial or appendicular? | appendicular- they stabilize the scapula and help move the arm |
| what is a neuron? | a nerve cell that sends and receives electrical signals; the main functional unit of the nervous system |
| three main parts of a neuron | dendrites, cell body(soma), and axon |
| function of dendrites | receive signals from other neurons and bring them to the cell body |
| function of the axon | carries electrical impulses away from the cell body toward other cells |
| what is the myelin sheath | a fatty covering around axons that speeds up nerve impulse conduction |
| what are neuroglia(glial cells)? | support cells that protect, nourish, and assist neurons |
| astrocytes(CNS) function | supports neurons, maintain blood-brain barrier, regulate nutrients and ion balance |
| microglia (CNS) function | act as immune cells; remove debris, waste, and pathogens |
| oligodendrocytes(CNS) function | create myelin around CNS axons |
| ependymal cells (CNS) function | produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) |
| Schwann cells (PNS) function | form myelin around PNS axons; help repair damaged nerves |
| satellite cells (PNS)function | surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia; help regulate the environment around them |
| difference between CNS and PNS glial cells | CNS glia include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells; PNS glia include Schwann and satellite cells |
| what give white matter its color ? | myelinated axons |
| what gives gray matter its color ? | neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axon |
| what does the CNS stand for? | Central Nervous Sytem |
| main parts of the CNS | Brain and spinal cord |
| What does the PNS stand for | Peripheral Nervous System |
| what makes up the PNS | All nerves outside the brain and spinal cord( cranial nerves + spinal nerves). |
| what does the ANS stand for | autonomic nervous system |
| what is the main function of the ANS | controls involuntary actions like heart rate, digestion, breathing, and gland activity |
| two divisions of the ANS | Sympathetic (“fight or flight”) and parasympathetic (“rest and digest”). |
| function of the sympathetic division | Prepares the body for stress—raises heart rate, increases breathing, releases energy. |
| function of the parasympathetic division | Calms the body—slows heart rate, promotes digestion, restores balance. |
| how does the CNS and PNS work together? | The CNS processes information, and the PNS carries messages to and from the rest of the body. |
| What are the five traditional senses? | Sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. |
| Organ of sight | Eye – contains structures like the retina, lens, and cornea to detect light and images. |
| Organ of hearing | Ear – contains the cochlea and auditory nerve; detects sound and helps with balance. |
| Organ of smell | Nose – olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity detect odors. |
| Organ of taste | Tongue – taste buds detect sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami. |
| Organ of touch | Skin – contains sensory receptors for pressure, temperature, pain, and vibration. |
| What is the endocrine system? | A system of glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate body functions. |
| Major endocrine glands | Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, pancreas, and gonads (ovaries/testes). |
| Function of the pituitary gland | “Master gland” – controls other endocrine glands and regulates growth, metabolism, and reproduction. |
| Function of the adrenal glands | Produce hormones like adrenaline and cortisol that help regulate stress response, metabolism, and blood pressure. |
| What is the heart? | A muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body via the circulatory system. |
| Four chambers of the heart | Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle. |
| Function of the atria | Receive blood returning to the heart (right atrium from body, left atrium from lungs). |
| Function of the ventricles | Pump blood out of the heart (right ventricle to lungs, left ventricle to body). |
| Major blood vessels connected to the heart | Superior & inferior vena cava, pulmonary arteries & veins, aorta |
| What are the heart valves? | Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral (bicuspid), and aortic valves – prevent backflow of blood. |
| What is blood? | A connective tissue that transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products |
| Components of blood | Red blood cells (carry O₂), white blood cells (immune defense), platelets (clotting), plasma (fluid and nutrients). |
| Function of red blood cells | Transport oxygen from lungs to body tissues and carry carbon dioxide back to lungs. |
| Function of white blood cells | Fight infection and protect the body against pathogens. |
| What is the lymphatic system? | A network of vessels, nodes, and organs that returns fluid (lymph) to the bloodstream and helps fight infections. |
| Main components of the lymphatic system | Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and thymus |
| Function of lymph nodes | Filter lymph, trap pathogens, and contain immune cells (lymphocytes) to fight infection. |
| Function of the spleen | Filters blood, removes old red blood cells, stores white blood cells, and fights infection. |
| Function of the thymus | Matures T lymphocytes (T cells), which are critical for adaptive immunity. |
| What is lymph? | Clear fluid that carries white blood cells and returns excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream. |
| Types of immune cells | Lymphocytes (B cells, T cells), macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells. |
| Function of B cells | Produce antibodies to neutralize pathogens (humoral immunity). |
| Function of T cells | Destroy infected or cancerous cells and help regulate the immune response (cell-mediated immunity). |
| Difference between innate and adaptive immunity | innate: nonspecific, immediate defense (skin, phagocytes). Adaptive: specific, slower, and creates memory (B and T cells). |
| What is the main function of the respiratory system? | To bring oxygen into the body and remove carbon dioxide from the blood. |
| Major organs of the respiratory system | Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm. |
| Function of the nose and nasal cavity | Filters, warms, and moistens air; contains olfactory receptors for smell. |
| Function of the pharynx | Passes air from the nasal cavity to the larynx; also a pathway for food to the esophagus. |
| Function of the larynx | Voice box; produces sound and prevents food from entering the trachea. |
| Function of the trachea | Windpipe; conducts air to the bronchi and contains cartilage rings to keep it open. |
| Function of the bronchi and bronchioles | Bronchi branch from the trachea to each lung; bronchioles are smaller branches that lead to alveoli |
| Function of the alveoli | Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs between air and blood. |
| Function of the diaphragm | Primary muscle for breathing; contracts to inhale and relaxes to exhale. |
| Difference between inspiration and expiration | nspiration: air enters lungs (diaphragm contracts). Expiration: air leaves lungs (diaphragm relaxes). |
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