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Psych
Nervous System and Behavior
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nervous system controls and communicates with the rest of the body | Processes sensory input From the world (via eyes, ears, etc) From inside the rest of the body Controls movement (muscles)Controls internal organ |
| Neurons | The cells that communicate with one another to process information |
| Gilia | Maintain the local environment that neurons need to function: electrical environment, waste clean-up, immune function |
| Cell body | General functions needed to keep cell alive Integrates electrical activity from the dendrites |
| Dendrites | Receive communication from other neurons |
| Axon | Send signals to other neurons or muscles or gland |
| Synapse | a relationship between two neurons |
| Anatomy | the axon of one neuron comes close to (but does not touch) another neuron (mostly the dendrite part) |
| Physiology | signals are passed from the axon of one neuron to another neuron (mostly the dendrites) |
| Synapse communication | Neuron on the left (presynaptic) sends an electrical impulse called an action potential down its axon, neurotransmitter released into gap, neuron on right (postsynaptic) detects neurotransmitter |
| Synapse | a relationship between the axon of one neuron and a dendrite or cell body of another |
| Neurons | do not actually touch: Small synaptic cleft between them. |
| Voltage | Difference in electrical charge (positive or negative) between two location |
| For neurons, Voltage = | difference in charge between inside the cell and outside the cell |
| Voltage and Potential | Synonyms |
| Resting potential | Inside of cell is more negative |
| Action Potential | Inside of cell is more positive |
| Gilal cells | help speed up the movement of the action potential down an axon |
| Myelin | Good insulator |
| Glutamate | most common excitatory NT |
| GABA | most common inhibitory NT |
| Acetylcholine | Axon to muscle NT |
| Modulatory NTs | change how neurons respond to Glutamate & GABA (Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin, Endorphins) |
| Agonists | Drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter |
| Antagonists | Drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter |
| Peripheral Nervous system | Connects the central nervous system (CNS) to the body’s organs and muscles |
| Somatic Nervous system | Conveys sensory information into the CNS, and motor commands out of the CNS |
| Autonomic nervous system | Control bodily organs (heart, digestive system, etc), and glands (which make hormones) |
| Sympathetic nervous system | Prepares the body for action |
| Parasympathetic nervous system | Helps body return to resting state, build energy supplies |
| Spinal cord | divided into four main sections; each is related to different parts of the body. Damage higher on the spinal cord usually means greater impairment because everything below there is disconnected from the brain |
| Spinal cord connects brain to peripheral nervous system | Also handles some simple functions by itself |
| Spinal reflexes | Simple pathways in the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contractions without involving the brain |
| Brain stem: Medulla and Pons | Handle functions essential for survival heart rate breathing swallowing vomiting urination |
| Brain stem: Reticular formation and midbrain | Regulate the stages of sleep,Regulate level of alertness while awake, visual and auditory function |
| Cerebellum | A biological computer that assists the forebrain with control of movement,Maintaining balance and stability Programs the sequence and timing of different muscles for a complex movement, coordinates movements w visual input, learning movement sequences |
| Forebrain | cerebral Cortex+ subcortical structures |
| Hypothalamus | Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior |
| Hypothalamus controls pituitary gland | Pituitary gland is master gland of body's hormone producing system |
| Hormone | Chemical made by a gland Released into the bloodstream Detected by other bodily organs that respond to that hormone |
| Thalamus | Relays and filters information from the senses and transmits it to the cerebral cortex |
| Basal ganglia | Set of subcortical structures that helps coordinate intentional movements. Interacts closely with motor region of cerebral cortex |
| Amygdala | Helps detect emotionally significant stimuli (potential danger or reward) and alert the cerebral cortex. Coordinates bodily response to an emotional situation (heart rate, breathing, etc). |
| Occipital | Processes visual information |
| Parietal | Processes information about touch, and visuo-spatial information |
| Temporal | Responsible for hearing and language, and visual object recognition, and memory formation |
| Frontal | Specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning and judgment |
| Insula | Taste, smell, visceral sensation, ties together experience of pain and emotional response |
| People born deaf | Do some visual processing in areas of temporal lobe that are usually auditory, vice versa for blind |
| Smaller changes in adults | Map of the body in somatosensory and motor cortices reflects amount of input to different parts of the body and competition for cortical territory. |
| Corpus Callosum | Two hemispheres communicate with each other,If the corpus callosum is cut (to relieve severe epilepsy), the right hemisphere seems to be unaware of words that the left hemisphere has just read. |
| Structural brain imaging | Magnetic resonance image (MRI) here Similar to what you would see with naked eye, cannot see individual neurons (NOT microscopic) |
| Functional brain imaging | shows blood flow in different brain areas: More active areas get increased blood flow |
| Spontaneous brain electrical activity | Electroencephalography, Legal death = Brain death = no electrical activity |
| Transcranial magnetic stimulation | Temporarily disabling a brain area Magnetic field produces electrical noise in brain area under the stimulator – normal brain electrical activity is disrupted. If person is doing a task that requires that brain area, performance will be impaired |
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