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Psych
Sensation+Perception
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Raw Sensation | Simple stimulation of a sense organ |
| Full Perception | Organization, identification, and interpretation of a sensation in order to form a mental representation |
| Transduction | conversion of one form of energy to another |
| Transduction for Vision | Stimulus is light, Transducers are rods and cones in retina of eye |
| Transduction for Hearing | Stimulus is pressure waves in the air, Transducers are hair cells in cochlea of ear |
| Transduction for touch | Stimulus is pressure, Transducer is specialized organs in skin |
| Transduction for Taste | Stimulus is molecules, Transducer is Chemical receptors |
| Transduction for Smell | Stimulus is molecules, Transducer is axons of olfactory neurons |
| Wavelength | Color |
| Amplitude | Brightness |
| Purity | How much of energy is at a single wavelength, Saturation |
| The Retina | Cells are: Photoreceptors (rods, cones) that transduce light energy into electrical current |
| The Retina: Ganglion cells | the final neurons that send output to the brain |
| The Retnia: Optic Nerve | Axons of ganglion cells bundled together. Carry action potentials from the eye to the brain |
| The Retina: Blind Spot | Point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind spot” because there are no photoreceptors there |
| Fovea | Central area of retina, with more photoreceptors per square millimeter (all cones) |
| Rods | peripheral retina detect luminance only (no color, only brightness) twilight or low light |
| Cones | near center of retina fine detail and color vision daylight or well-lit conditions |
| Color begins with Cone receptors | Three types of cones: Absorb different wavelengths of light |
| Color Opponent System in the Retina | Red opposes green, Red+ Green equals yellow which opposes blue |
| After the Retina | Optic nerve to thalamus, then to primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe |
| Lateral geniculate | the visual nucleus in the thalamus |
| Some axons of optic nerve also go to superior colliculus in midbrain | To control eye movements |
| Feature Detection | individual V1 neurons are tuned to specific edge orientations, directions of motion, and color |
| Ventral Path (to temporal lobe) | Recognition of objects. Object constancy allows us to recognize the same object from different viewing angles and distances |
| Dorsal Path (to parietal lobe) | Represents WHERE an object is relative to YOU – how far, what angle, what direction it is moving, etc. Helps guide action |
| Visual Agnosia | after damage to the temporal lobe cannot identify objects by sight, but still walk around objects without running into things, reach and grasp accurately |
| Patients with damage to visual part of parietal lobe | can identify objects, but are clumsy when reaching for something, are poor at estimating how far away something is. |
| Attention is | The glue that binds individual features into a whole percept |
| Binding Problem | How features are linked together so that we see unified objects in our visual world rather than free-floating or miscombined features |
| Illusory conjunction | Perceptual mistake where features from multiple objects are incorrectly combined |
| Feature integration theory | Idea that focused attention is not required to detect the individual features that comprise a stimulus, but is required to bind those individual features together |
| Proximity | group nearby elements together |
| Similarity | group elements that are similar |
| Continuity | perceive continuous patterns |
| Closure | fill in gaps |
| Connectedness: | spots, lines, and areas are seen as a unit when connected |
| Common fate | elements that move together are part of the same object |
| Common fate | Shared motion joins bits into a single figure |
| Binocular depth cues | Difference in the retinal images of the two eyes that provides information about depth |
| Monocular depth cues | Aspects of a scene that yield information about depth when viewed with only one eye |
| Sound= air pressure wave | Moving objects move the air molecules around them: Air molecules become compressed |
| Outer ear | Funnels sound waves inward |
| Middle ear | Bones that transmit vibrations |
| Inner ear | Transduces vibrations into electrical energy |
| Semicircular canals | are in the vestibular system for detecting head motion and angle |
| Cochlea | Fluid filled tube, rolled up into a coil |
| Basilar membrane | Base of the cochlea, undulates when vibrations from the ossicles reach the cochlear fluid |
| Hair cells | The sensory transducers. Long thin cells embedded in basilar membrane |
| Rate Code for pitch | Hair cell activity tracks sound vibrations in time. Works best for lower pitches |
| Place code for Pitch | Different sections of basilar membrane vibrate more at higher versus lower pitches |
| Loudness | Number of hair cells active |
| Time difference | Sound coming from the right side will arrive at the right ear slightly earlier than the left ear |
| Frequency difference | The head absorbs high frequencies. If a sound is coming from the right, the right ear will pick up higher frequencies than the left ear |
| Conductive hearing loss | Damage to eardrum or ossicle |
| Sensorineural hearing loss | Damage to cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve Some drugs damage hair cells Hair cells damaged by loud sounds Everyone develops hearing loss w age, history of loud noise matters Hair cells respond to higher frequencies more delicate, easily damaged |
| Congenital deafness | Several different versions due to a defect in some gene that’s necessary for the cochlea to function |
| Where are the transducers | Skin and just under skin, in the joints, in the muscles |
| Somatosensory information | travels from the sensory transducers up through the spinal cord to the brain. |
| Vestibular transducers in inner ear | hair cells in the semicircular canals, utricle, saccule Sensory transducers in joints & muscles Visual system |
| Mismatch of information from the three sources is problematic | Motion sickness |
| Smell and taste | Sensory receptors in nasal cavity, tongue and back of mouth Receptors bind molecules that are dissolved in the air or in saliva Different receptors specialized for different molecule |
| Taste | One of primary responsibilities taste is separate nutritious things from poisons Some aspects of taste perception genetic, others learned, tongue covered w thousands of bumps (papillae) which contain taste buds, house taste receptor cells |
| 5 kinds of taste receptors | Sweet, sour, bitter, sweet, umami |
| Gustatory pathway from mouth to cerebral cortex | Full experience of FLAVOR after taste and smell information are combined in the cortex |
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