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A+P Exam #3
immune/blood/cardio/genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a pathogen? | A disease-causing organism (bacteria, virus, fungus, parasite). |
| What cells in an immune response give rise to memory cells? | B cells & T cells |
| What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity? | Innate: fast/non-specifc (skin/inflammation) Adaptive: slow, specific, has memory (aka immunity) |
| What is the first line of defense? | Mechanical Barriers (skin & mucous membrane) |
| What are the two types of lymphocytes involved in the immune response? | B cells & T cells |
| Which of those two lymphocytes eventually gives rise to antibodies? | B cells --> plasma cells --> antibodies |
| What’s the difference between cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity? | Cell-mediated: T-cells kill infected cells Humoral immunity: antibody response (B-cells) |
| What is the function of a plasma cell? | Produces and releases antibodies |
| What is antigen? | A foreign substance that triggers an immune response |
| Why are vaccines effective at preventing disease? | They create memory cells without causing the disease |
| What is the difference between antigen and antibody? | Antigen: invader Antibody: protector (attacks the cell) |
| What is the difference between active and passive immunity? | Active: body makes antibodies (infection/vaccine) Passive: given antibodies (breastmilk/injection) |
| What is the difference between a primary and secondary immune response? | Primary: first exposure of pathogen (slow) Secondary: re-exposure to pathogen (faster/stronger) -->uses memory cells |
| What is an autoimmune disease? | Immune system that attacks the body (Ex: multiple sclerosis) |
| What is the function of a mast cell in allergic reactions? | releases histamine to cause allergic reaction symptoms (Ex: redness/swelling) |
| How many different types of antibodies are there? | 5 types: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD G: defends against bacteria, viruses/toxins A: defends against bacteria/viruses M: reacts with some antigens on red blood cells E: promotes inflammation/allergic reactions D: B-cell activation |
| What is the difference between a light and heavy chain in an antibody molecule? | Heavy: determines type of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, etc;) Light: helps bind antigen (smaller) |
| What is an antigen presenting molecule? | Immune cells that display antigens and help activate T-Cells |
| In an IgG molecule where is the binding site? | At the top of the Y-shaped molecule |
| What is helper, cytotoxic, and memory T- cells? | Helper: coordinate the immune response Cytotoxic: kill infected cells Memory: provide long-term immunity |
| How many different blood types are there? | A B AB O |
| For each blood type what antigens are in the red blood cells and what antibodies are in the plasma? | A: antigen (A) --> antibody (anti-b) B: antigen (B) --> antibody (anti-a) AB: antigen (AB) --> antibody (none) O: antigen (none) --> antibody (both A&B) |
| Which blood type is the universal donor? | O- |
| Which blood type can receive all blood donors? | AB+ |
| What prevents blood flowing from the ventricles back into the atrium? | |
| What kind of tissue is blood? | Connective tissue |
| Where are most blood cells formed? | In the red bone marrow (RBCs, WBCs, and platelets) |
| What is the adult blood volume? | Approx. 5 liters |
| What is the percentage of plasma and red cells? | Plasma: 55% Red cells: 45% |
| What is the difference of a granulocyte and agranulocyte? | Granuloctye: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils (grainy molecules) Agranulocyte: lymphocytes & monocytes |
| What lymphocyte is the first to arrive at infections? | neutrophils |
| What lymphocyte moderates allergic reactions? | eosinophils |
| What lymphocyte releases histamine/heparin? | basophils |
| What is the main function of white blood cells? | Protect against infection |
| What is agglutination? | Clumping of red blood cells in response to a reaction between an antibody and antigen (when someone receives the wrong blood type) |
| What is the Rh antigen in cells? | A protein located on RBCs (+ if present, - if absent) |
| What prevent blood flowing from the ventricles back into the atrium? | AV Valves: Mitral/Tricuspid |
| Know the functions of the 4 valves: | Tricuspid: right ventricle/atrium Mitral: left ventricle/atrium Pulmonary: prevents blood from moving from the trunk into the right ventricle Aortic: prevents blood from moving from aorta to left ventricle |
| What is the general function of the valves? | Prevent backflow of blood |
| What is the difference between pulmonary and systemic circuit? | Pulmonary: heart - lungs -heart Systemic: heart - body - heart |
| What is the difference between ventricle systole/diastole? | Stysole: contraction (top number) Diastole: relaxation (bottom number) |
| Know what happens to the valves during ventricle systole/diastole | Systole: AV valve closes -- semilunar open Diastole: AV valve opens --semilunar close |
| What structure in your heart is responsible for your heart rate? | SA Node (aka pacemaker) |
| What stem cells in your red bone marrow are responsible for development of T and B lymphocytes? | Hematopoietic stem cells |
| Which blood vessels carry oxygenated/deoxygenated blood? | Arteries: oxygenated blood (away from heart) Veins: deoxygenated blood (towards the heart) |
| Which chamber of your heart receives blood flow from your coronary sinus? | Right atrium |
| To measure blood pressure what instrument is used? | Sphygmomanometer |
| In an EKG how many different waves/peaks are observed and what are they? | 3 different - P-- QRS-- T waves |
| Which does each wave represent? | P: atrial depolarization QRS: ventricular depolarization T: ventricular repolarization |
| What is human genome? | Complete set of human DNA |
| What is gene? | A segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait |
| What is an allele? | Different forms of a gene (A or a) -- dominant or recessive |
| Two types of chromosomes in diploid cells? | Autosomes and sex chromosomes |
| What is the difference between autosomal trait and x-linked trait? | Autosomal: on non-sex hormones X-linked: on X chromosomes |
| Difference between homologous and heterozygous | Homologous: same allele Heterozygous: different alleles |
| What is meant by the term phenotype? | Physical appearance |
| What is meant genotype? | Genetic makeup (letters) |
| Euploid vs Polyploid | Euploid: normal chromosomal number Polyploid: extra chromosomes |
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