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Harkaran
Physiology Week 6-13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Physiology Week 6-13 Week 12 | |
| One hundred milliliters of arterial blood contains approximately what volume percent of oxygen? | 20% |
| The major form by which carbon dioxide is transported in the circulatory system is: | as bicarbonate ions. |
| External respiration can be defined as: | A.the exchange of gases between the lung and the blood capillaries in the lung. B. pulmonary ventilation. |
| If the tidal volume of a given individual is 500 ml, then the anatomical dead space is approximately _____ ml. | 150 |
| Gas exchange, the lungs’ main and vital function, takes place in the: | alveoli |
| Boyle’s law states that the volume of a gas varies _____ with pressure at a _____ temperature. | inversely; constant |
| Which of the following is not a means of transporting oxygen in the blood? | Combined with the bicarbonate ion (HCO3–) |
| Standard atmospheric pressure is _____ mm Hg. | 760 |
| The function of surfactant is to: | prevent each alveolus from collapsing as air moves in and out during respiration. |
| Which of the following is not a true statement? | Raising the ribs decreases the depth and width of the thorax. |
| The vital capacity is equal to the sum of the: | inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume. |
| When the pressure in the lung is greater than atmospheric pressure: | expiration occurs |
| The tendency of the thorax and lungs to return to the preinspiration volume is called: | elastic recoil. |
| Which of the following would you expect to happen to cellular respiration during exercise? | Increased cellular respiration occurs during exercise, causing a rise in plasma PCO2, which is detected by central chemoreceptors in the brain and perhaps peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid sinus and aorta to cause an increase in respiration rate. |
| About 98.5% of the oxygen carried by systemic arterial blood is attached to: | hemoglobin. |
| During inspiration, the expansion of the lungs causes: | a decrease in alveolar pressure. |
| Which of the following helps determine the amount of oxygen that diffuses into the blood each minute? | A.The total functional surface area of the respiratory membrane. B. Alveolar ventilation. C The oxygen pressure gradient between alveolar air and incoming pulmonary blood. |
| Ciliated cells lining the respiratory tract: | help move the mucus blanket toward the pharynx. |
| The term used to describe the volume of air exchanged during normal inspiration and expiration is: | tidal volume. |
| The function of the vibrissae in the vestibule is to: | provide an initial “filter” to screen particulate matter from air that is entering the system. |
| Week 11 | |
| The body’s defense mechanisms can be organized into one of two major categories of immune mechanisms; these are | innate and adaptive immunity. |
| Which antibody is synthesized by immature B cells and then inserted into their plasma membranes? | immunoglobulin M |
| Pyrogen molecules trigger the fever response by promoting the production of | prostaglandins. |
| Adaptive immunity, part of the body’s third line of defense, is orchestrated by two different classes of a type of white blood cell called the | lymphocyte. |
| Because T cells attack pathogens more directly, T-cell immune mechanisms are classified as _____ immunity. | cell-mediated |
| The ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles is called | phagocytosis. |
| The _____ postulates that when an antigen enters the body, it selects the clone whose cells are committed to synthesizing its specific antibody and stimulates these cells to proliferate and to thereby produce more antibodies. | clonal selection theory |
| Activities that result in central movement or flow of lymph are called | lymphokinetic activities. |
| During their residence in the thymus, pre-T cells develop into _____, cells that proliferate as rapidly as any in the body. | thymocytes |
| The function of which antibody is basically unknown? | IgD |
| The functions of the lymph nodes are | defense and hematopoiesis. |
| Lymphocytes that kill many types of tumor cells and cells infected by different kinds of viruses are known as | natural killer cells. |
| Recognition of antigens by antibodies occurs when an | antigen’s epitopes fit into and bind to an antigen molecule’s antigen-binding site. |
| The lymphatic system serves various functions in the body. The two most important functions of this system are | fluid balance and immunity. |
| _____ refers to a phenomenon in which the genetic characteristics common to a particular kind of organism provide defense against certain pathogens. | Species resistance |
| Memory cells: | become plasma cells when exposed to an antigen. |
| Complement can best be described as a(n): | enzyme in blood. |
| The ability of our immune system to attack abnormal or foreign cells but spare our own normal cells is called: | self-tolerance. |
| Which of the following is a powerful poison that acts directly on any cell and quickly kills it? | lymphotoxin |
| Which of these substances operate(s) immune mechanisms? | sebum mucus enzymes hydrochloric acid in gastric mucosa all of the above |
| Week 10 | |
| The mechanisms of which three hormones work together to regulate blood volume? | aldosterone, ANH, and ADH |
| What is the functional significance of large areas of cardiac muscle being electrically coupled to form a single functional syncytium? | Because they form a syncytium, muscle cells can pass an action potential along a large area of the heart wall, stimulating contraction in each muscle fiber of the syncytium. |
| _____ is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood. | Hematocrit |
| Neutrophils are highly mobile and phagocytic. They migrate out of blood vessels and into tissue spaces. This process is called | diapedesis. |
| Blood pressure is measured with the aid of an apparatus known as a(n) | sphygmomanometer. |
| If damaged, which valve could allow blood to leak back into the right atrium? | Tricuspid |
| Starling’s law of the heart states that, within limits, the longer, or more stretched, the heart fibers are at the beginning of the contraction, the | stronger the contraction. |
| The term blood type refers to the type of blood cell | antigen. |
| Which are the two baroreceptors that are located near the heart? | aortic baroreceptors and carotid baroreceptors |
| A hematocrit of 56% would be an indication of: | polycythemia. |
| The physiological mechanism that dissolves clots is known as | fibrinolysis. |
| Which of the following is(are) involved in determining a person’s total blood volume? | Age Body type Sex All of the above |
| All of the following are components critical to coagulation except | prothrombin. thrombin. fibrinogen. fibrin. none of the above; all of these components are critical to coagulation. |
| Blood volume per kilogram of body weight varies inversely with: | body fat |
| During pregnancy, what happens to the oxygenated blood returned from the placenta via the umbilical vein? | It flows into the inferior vena cava. |
| A glycoprotein hormone that is secreted to increase oxygen concentration in the tissues is | erythropoietin. |
| Blood viscosity stems mainly from the red blood cells but also partly from the _____ in blood. | protein molecules present |
| The term used to describe the collection of mechanisms that influence the circulation of blood is: | hemodynamics |
| _____, a natural constituent of blood, acts as an antithrombin and prevents clots from forming in vessels. | Heparin |
| Erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as: | hematopoietic stem cells. |
| Week 9 | |
| Sensory impulses ending in what part of the CNS trigger imprecise or “crude” sensation awareness? | Thalamus |
| Which of the following is not true of a receptor potential? | It follows the all-or-none law. |
| Which is not true of the hormone somatostatin? | It stimulates the secretion of insulin. |
| The type of cells that secrete ACTH are: | corticotrophs |
| All of the following are nonsteroid hormones except: | cortisol. |
| The immediate effect of a steroid hormone on a cell is the: | transcription of RNA. |
| Clearness or sharpness of visual perception is known as: | visual acuity |
| One of the few hormones that functions on a positive-feedback loop is: | oxytocin. |
| When you are looking at a large green field, which cones would be sending the green wavelength to the brain? | M |
| The clear and potassium-rich fluid that fills the labyrinth is | endolymph |
| The receptors responsible for sensing crude and persistent touch are the: | Ruffini corpuscles. |
| The two-point discrimination test can be used to measure: | the sensitivity of the skin in various parts of the body. |
| The olfactory tract carries impulses associated with: | Smell |
| The production of thyroid hormone is stimulated by another hormone from the: | anterior pituitary. |
| When a small amount of one hormone allows a second hormone to have its full effect, the phenomenon is called: | permissiveness. |
| The sequence of auditory ossicles in the middle ear starting at the tympanic membrane and ending at the oval window is: | malleus, incus, and stapes. |
| Which of the following statements is not true of the pineal gland? | Melatonin is stimulated by the presence of sunlight. |
| In comparison with the nervous system, the regulatory effects of the endocrine system are: | slow to appear but long-lasting. |
| The last step in the nonsteroid hormone mechanism of action is: | protein kinases activate other enzymes. |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrine system? | Chemical messenger travels a short distance. |
| Week 8 | |
| The cerebellum performs all of the following functions except: | controls cardiac function. |
| Sympathetic responses generally have widespread effects on the body because: | preganglionic fibers synapse with several postsynaptic fibers. |
| Which of the following is not true of the knee jerk reflex? | It is a flexor reflex. |
| Conduction by the sixth cranial nerve results in sensations of hearing. | False |
| Somatic motor and autonomic pathways share all of the following characteristics except: | number of neurons between central nervous system (CNS) and effector. |
| The knee jerk can be classified as a segmental reflex because: | impulses that mediate it enter and leave the same segment of the cord. |
| All of the following cranial nerves are involved in proprioception except the: | vagus |
| Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus? | Regulation of motor activity |
| The part of the brain that assists in the maintenance of balance is the: | cerebellum |
| Once inside the sympathetic chain ganglion, the preganglionic fiber may: | synapse with a sympathetic postganglionic neuron. send ascending and/or descending branches through the sympathetic trunk to synapse with postganglionic neurons in other chain ganglia. do all the above |
| Which is(are) the neurotransmitter(s) in a somatic motor pathway? | Acetylcholine |
| A mixed nerve is one that: | carries both sensory and motor fibers. |
| Most effectors of the autonomic nervous system are dually innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. | true |
| Nerve impulses over the _____ nerve cause increased peristalsis and decreased heart rate. | vagus |
| Damage to the _____ nerve could make the diaphragm unable to function. | phrenic |
| The vomiting reflex is mediated by the: | medulla |
| Nerves that innervate the floor of the pelvic cavity and some of the surrounding areas are found in the _____ plexus. | coccygeal |
| Acetylcholine can stimulate _____ receptors. | nicotinic |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by filtration of blood in the: | choroid plexuses. |
| Which of the following is a description of the principle of autonomic antagonism as it relates to the autonomic nervous system? | If sympathetic impulses tend to stimulate an effector, parasympathetic impulses tend to inhibit it. |
| Week 7 | |
| Which of the following antidepressants acts by blocking the action of monoamine oxidase (MAO)? | Phenelzine |
| During a relative refractory period: | the action potential can be initiated with a strong stimulus. |
| A term commonly used as a synonym for action potential is | nerve impulse. |
| No impulse can be sent through a neuron: | during the absolute refractory period. |
| Excitatory neurotransmitters are most likely to: | initiate an action potential. |
| The brief period during which a local area of an axon's membrane resists re-stimulation is called the __________ period. | refractor |
| Within the nervous system, coding for the strength of a stimulus is accomplished through: | the frequency of nerve impulses. |
| The neurotransmitter(s) that inhibit(s) the conduction of pain impulses is(are): | enkephalins |
| When an impulse reaches a synapse: | chemical transmitters are released. |
| Acetylcholine is in the same class of neurotransmitters as: | serotonin. histamine. dopamine. none of the above. |
| Which is true of a neuron with a resting potential? | The sodium pump has moved Na+ to the outside of the plasma membrane. |
| The fastest nerve fibers in the body can conduct impulses up to approximately _____ meters per second. | 130 |
| A synaptic knob would be located on a(n): | axon |
| When current leaps across an insulating myelin sheath from node to node, the type of impulse conduction is called: | saltatory conduction. |
| Stimulus-gated channels open in response to: | sensory stimuli. |
| The only ion(s) that can diffuse across a neuron’s membrane when the neuron is at rest is (are): | potassium |
| There are two types of synapses—the electrical synapse and the __________ synapse. | chemical |
| Which is true of an action potential? | The outside of the plasma membrane is negatively charged, and the inside is positively charged. |
| Which of the following statements about amino acid neurotransmitters is incorrect? | They are all inhibitory neurotransmitters. |
| Serotonin is an example of a(n): | amine neurotransmitter. |
| Week 6 | |
| Kicking a football is accomplished by knee: | extension |
| Three phases of the twitch contraction are the | latent period, contraction phase, and relaxation phase. |
| The chief function of the T-tubules is to: | allow for electrical signals to move deeper into the cell. |
| Which of the following is not one of the major functions of muscles? | Protection |
| The lactate produced by anaerobic respiration is converted back to glucose in the: | liver |
| All of the following are true characteristics of an isometric contraction except: | movement is produced. |
| The knee joint is an example of a _____ joint. | hinge |
| Which type of muscle is responsible for peristalsis? | Single-unit smooth |
| An example of a hinge joint is(are) the: | interphalangeal joints. |
| After it is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the calcium combines with which protein? | Troponin |
| Which of the following is not an end-product of the breakdown of ATP? | An inorganic phosphate Energy that can be used in muscle contraction ADP All of the above are end-products of the breakdown of ATP. |
| Thick myofilaments extend the length of the: | A-band |
| The ion necessary for cross-bridging is: | calcium |
| All of the following are characteristics of smooth muscle except: | thin and thick filaments are aligned in sarcomeres like skeletal muscles. |
| The type of movement possible at a synovial joint depends on the: | shape of the articulating surfaces of the bones. |
| During which phase of the twitch contraction is there a triggering of the release of calcium ions into the sarcoplasm? | Latent period |
| Which type of joint joins the two pubic bones together? | Symphysis |
| Skeletal muscles are innervated by: | somatic motor neurons. |
| The contractile unit of a muscle cell is the | sarcomere |
| Tilting the foot upward, decreasing the angle between the top of the foot and the front of the leg, is called: | dorsiflexion |
| WEEK 13 | |
| The ejection of bile from the gallbladder is controlled by which hormones? gastrin and CCK CCK and GIP CCK and secretin secretin and GIP | CCK nad Secretin |
| The chemical process in which a compound unites with water and then splits into simpler compounds is called dehydration synthesis. hydrolysis. emulsification. none of the above. | hydrolysis |
| The final step in lipid transport by the intestines is the formation of micelles. chylomicrons. bile. sodium bicarbonate. | chylomicrons |
| _____ is the passage of substances through the intestinal mucosa into the blood or lymph. Secretion Absorption Elimination Ingestion | absorption |
| Peristalsis is regulated in part by the intrinsic stretch reflexes. It is also thought to be stimulated by the hormone gastrin. secretin. glucagon. cholecystokinin (CCK) | cholecystokinin (CCK) |
| Because fats are insoluble in water, they must be catalyzed. emulsified. absorbed in the stomach. secreted before they enter the small intestine. | EMULSIFIED |
| During which stage of swallowing is there a risk of food entering respiratory pathways? Oropharyngeal Esophageal Chemical digestion Mastication | oropharyngeal |
| Chemical digestion requires the secretion of _____ into the lumen of the GI tract. digestive enzymes bile chyme digestive enzymes and bile | digestive enzymes and bile |
| What percentage of this blood flow comes from the hepatic portal system? 20% 50% 80% 95% | 80% |
| The wave-like ripple of the muscle layer of the GI tract is called deglutition. mastication. peristalsis. segmentation. | peristalsis |
| The act of expelling feces is called elimination. excretion. defecation. rehydration. | defecation |
| Saliva contains the enzyme lipase. trypsin. pepsin. amylase. | amylase |
| Stimulation of gastric juice secretion occurs in all of the following phases except the _____ phase. cephalic digestive gastric intestinal | digestive |
| CCK is an intestinal hormone that | causes the pancreas to increase secretion of exocrine high in enzymatic content. opposes the influence of gastrin on gastric parietal cells. stimulates contraction of the gallbladder so that bile can pass into the duodenum. all of the above |
| Fats and other nutrients in the duodenum stimulate the intestinal mucosa to release a hormone called aldosterone. gastrin. gastric inhibitory peptide. lecithin. | gastric inhibitory peptide |
| Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by hydrochloric acid, which is produced by the _____ of the gastric glands. parietal cells chief cells tuft cells rugae | parietal cells |
| The process of deglutition includes all of the following except the _____ stage. oral pharyngeal esophageal laryngeal | laryngeal |
| Hydrolysis refers to: breaking down a molecule of water to hydrogen and oxygen gas. using water to split larger compounds into smaller ones. using water to build larger compounds from smaller ones. none of the above | using water to split larger compounds into smaller ones. |
| The purpose of peristalsis is to: break apart chunks of food and mix it in digestive juices. propel food forward along the GI tract. absorb food. enable swallowing. | propel food forward along the GI tract. |
| The substances absorbed into the lymph capillaries are: glycerol and fatty acids. glucose and glycerol. amino acids and fatty acids. glucose and amino acids. | glucose and fatty acids |
| Glucose moves from the GI tract into the circulatory system by the process of: diffusion. cotransport. facilitated diffusion. filtration. | cotransport |
| Which of these is not an example of mechanical digestion? Moistening the food Changing food from large to small particles Propelling food through the digestive tract All of the above are examples of mechanical digestion. | moistening of food |
| Which of the following is not true of enzymes? They accelerate chemical reactions. They change chemically and are in the end products of the reaction. They are vital to chemical reactions. Many contain vitamins in their structure. | They change chemically and are in the end products of the reaction. |
| The process of fat emulsification consists of: chemically breaking down fat molecules. the secretion of digestive juices for fat digestion. absorption of fats. breaking fats into small droplets. | breaking fats into small droplets. |
| The hormone that inhibits gastric muscle, slowing passage of food into the duodenum, is called: gastric inhibitory peptide. enterogastrone. chyme. cholecystokinin | gastric inhibitory peptide |
| Which of the following is not a function of the liver? Detoxification Secretion of insulin Storage of iron and vitamins Production of bile | secretion of insulin |
| An end product of fat digestion is: glycerol. glucose. glycogen. galactose | glycerol |
| The sodium cotransport or coupled transport acts to transport sodium ions and glucose molecules _____ the GI lumen. passively out of passively into actively out of actively into | passively out of |
| The final product of carbohydrate digestion is a: disaccharide. monosaccharide. polysaccharide. fatty acid. | monosaccharide |
| The enterogastric reflex causes: secretion of digestive enzymes in the small intestine. secretion of digestive enzymes in the stomach. inhibition of gastric peristalsis. acceleration of gastric peristalsis. | inhibition of gastric peristalsis |
| Which step of deglutition is under voluntary control? Oral stage Pharyngeal stage Esophageal stage Gastric phase | oral phase |
| Which of the processes of mechanical digestion involves the esophagus? Deglutition Peristalsis Churning Both A and B | Both A AND B |
| Which phase(s) of gastric secretion is(are) stimulated by the sight, taste, and smell of food? Intestinal phase Cephalic phase Gastric phase All of the above | cephalic phase |
| Cellulose is a residue of digestion that comes from: carbohydrates. meat proteins. undigested fats. undigested connective tissue. | carbohydrates |
| Which of the following is a disaccharide? Glucose Starch Sucrose Glycogen | sucrose |
| When classified according to the kind of chemical reactions catalyzed, digestive enzymes are referred to as _____ enzymes. oxidation-reduction hydrolyzing phosphorylating hydrase | hydrolyzing |
| The hormone thought to be a messenger causing release of digestive enzymes from the intestinal mucosa is: vasoactive intestinal peptide. enterogastrone. secretin. cholecystokinin-pancreozymin. | vasoactive intestinal peptide. |
Created by:
harkaran