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Ner.Sens.Endo.Sys.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Physiology | The study of the way body parts function-what they do and how they interact with each other. |
| Central Nervous System(CNS) | Consists of the brain and spinal cord. |
| Peripheral Nervous System(PNS) | Composed of the nerves traveling from the brain or spinal cord to the target organs and back again. |
| Neuron | Nerve Cell; the basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system. |
| Lower Motor Neurons | Originate in the brain stem/spinal cord. Carry signals initiating movement from the spinal cord to a muscle. |
| Upper Motor Neurons | Originate in the brain. Carry signals initiating body movements from the brain. |
| Dendrites | 1 of 2 types of cell extensions that project from the cell body; they either sense the environment or receive signals from other Neurons. |
| Axon | Projection extending from the cell body, usually in the opposite direction of the Dendrites; transmits signals from the cell body to other Neurons or to target organs like muscles. |
| Synaptic Cleft | The space between 2 Neurons. |
| Neurotransmitters | Brain chemicals that carry signals from one nerve cell to another; stored in synaptic vesicles in the axon of a nerve cell and released into the synaptic cleft. |
| Catecholamines | A group of neurotransmitters that includes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. |
| Gray Matter and White Matter | Part of the central nervous system, gray matter is composed of aggregates of brain neuron cell bodies; white matter is composed of the axons and dendrites of these neurons. |
| Meninges | External coverings of the brain or spinal cord tissue in the central nervous system. |
| Diencephalon | Also called "between brains"; acts as a passageway between the brain stem and cerebrum. The three major components of the diencephalon are the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary. |
| Brain Stem | Forms the connection between the brain and spinal cord. |
| Sensory Pathway | Carries signals regarding touch, pain, temperature, stretch, and so on, to the central nervous system. |
| Motor Pathway | Carries signals from the central nervous system to muscles. |
| Brachial Plexus | Spinal nerve found medial to the scapula on each side of the body. |
| Lumbosacral Plexus | Spinal nerve that supplies nerves to the pelvic limbs. |
| Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII) | The eighth cranial nerve; carries two types of sensory signals from the ear. One is hearing; the other signal includes motion and sense of balance. |
| Visceral Senses | The general senses of hunger, thirst, and the feeling of fullness in hollow organs such as the urinary bladder and stomach. |
| Pain Receptors | Also called nociceptors; the most numerous sensory receptors in the body. They’re located in nearly every part of the body except the brain. |
| Aqueous Chamber | The smaller, anterior chamber of the eye. |
| Vitreous Chamber | The larger, posterior chamber of the eye. |
| Intraocular Pressure | The pressure of the production and absorption of aqueous fluid within the aqueous chamber. |
| Glaucoma | Disease of the eye in which the drainage of aqueous humor is obstructed or decreased, causing increased intraocular pressure and pain. |
| Endocrine System | Involves the secretion of hormones by glands directly into the blood. |
| Exocrine System | Involves the secretion of substances outside the gland through a duct. The glands in the skin and gastrointestinal tract are examples of exocrine organs. |
| Negative Feedback | The process that makes many endocrine glands self-regulating. Breakdown in this self-regulation can lead to disorders of endocrine secretion. |
| Pituitary Gland | Located at the base of the brain; consists of the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary. Its functions involve the control of other endocrine glands. |
| Calcitonin | Hormone secreted by the thyroid glands; regulates the level of blood calcium by inhibiting the release of calcium from bone. |
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) | Also called parathormone, it's secreted by the parathyroid glands. Causes the blood calcium level to rise. Regulation of phosphorus in conjunction with calcium is important. |
| Adrenal Medulla | The inner core tissue of the adrenal gland; derived from nervous tissue; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| Adrenal Cortex | The outer layer of tissue of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, including aldosterone, a group of hormones known as glucocorticoids, and some sex hormones, particularly androgen and estrogen. |
| Islets of Langerhans | Cells scattered among the exocrine pancreatic cells. Insulin and glucagon are the primary hormones secreted by the islet cells. |
| Insulin | Hormone secreted by the pancreatic islet of Langerhans cells. Enables cells, especially liver, muscle, and fat cells, to take glucose from the blood to be used for generating energy for cellular functions. |
| Glucagon | Hormone secreted by the pancreatic islet of Langerhans cells. Opposes many of the effects of insulin by decreasing uptake of glucose by cells. |
| Diabetes Mellitus | A deficiency of insulin secretion, or in some cases, a lack of responsiveness to the presence of insulin. The cause of diabetes, in most cases, is damage to the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans on the pancreas. |
| Hyperglycemia | When lack of insulin leads to excessive levels of glucose in the blood because cells aren’t able to take in glucose. |
Created by:
martiew