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Chemistry Test
Matter and Energy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| chemistry | the study of the composition , structure, properties, and changes matter undergoes, as well as, the energy changes accompanying these changes |
| matter | anything that has mass and occupies volume, homogeneous and heterogeneous |
| homogeneous matter | the properties and composition of the matter are uniform throughout the sample (exist as one phase) |
| heterogeneous matter | the properties vary throughout the sample (has more than one phase) |
| composition | what a substance is made up of |
| properties | a set of unique characteristics of a substance, physical and chemical |
| physical properties | a set of descriptive characteristics (can be observed without making a new substance ) |
| chemical properties | a set of behavioral characteristics (must produce a new substance by a chemical reaction) |
| pure substances | any variety of matter for which all samples have identical properties, composition, and structure (made up of one type of atom or molecule) *each substance has their own set of properties* |
| element, pure substance | cannot be decomposed by ordinary chemical change, atoms are the fundamental units of elements , each element has its own type of atom with the same atomic number, are the building blocks of a compound, must be homogeneous |
| compound, pure substance | two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio by atoms, molecules are the fundamental units of these (atoms bond together to have as one unit) |
| compound, pure substance | when elements form these they lose their individual properties and take on the new properties of the these, must be homogeneous |
| mixture | consists of two or more substances physically combined, each substance retains its own properties, can be physically separated (requires little or no energy) |
| mixture | can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous, have no set ratio of composition, homogeneous are called solutions, water based solution are called aqueous solution |
| energy | the ability to do work |
| kinetic energy | energy of motion (heat, light, sound, electricity) |
| potential energy | stored energy due to position or structure |
| Law of Conversation of Energy | energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it is just changed from one form to another |
| activation energy | all reactions require this, energy required to start a reaction and have a net energy change, endothermic and exothermic reactions |
| endothermic reactions | absorb energy (products have more potential energy than the reactants) |
| exothermic reactions | release energy (products have less potential energy than the reactants) |
| calorimetry | a measure of heat flow between bodies of different temperatures |
| heat | a form of energy measured in joules or calories ( the amount of energy required to change 1 gram of water 1 degree celsius) |
| temperature | a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance (not a form of energy) |
| thermometer | measures temperature in degrees, fixed points on a thermometer are the freezing and boiling points of water (Celsius: 0 ad 100 degrees, Kelvin 273K and 373K) |
| absolute zero | all motion stops at 0 Kelvin |
| solids (s) | have a definite shape and volume, particles are close together in fixed position (a regular geometric pattern), have an ordered structure, attractive forms are stronger than motion |
| liquids (l) | have a definite volume, but take the shape of container, particles have translational motion, particles slightly farther apart than solids, no ordered structure |
| gases (g) | have no definite shape and volume, expand to fill container, have little or no attractive forces, particles very far apart |
| supercooled liquid | look solid but have no ordered structure, glass is an example |
| heating and cooling curves | show the changes between the phases of matter for a substance as temperature changes |
| phase changes, heating and cooling curves | no temperature changes occur (only changes in potential energy), melting and freezing, boiling and condensation, sublimation and deposition |
| melting and freezing, heating and cooling curves | changes between solid and liquid, occur at the same temperature, require the heat of fusion |
| boiling and condensation, heating and cooling curves | changes between liquid and gas, occur at the same temperature, require the heat of vaporization |
| sublimation and deposition | change from solid to gas skipping liquid phases |
| endothermic, heating and cooling curves | changes going up the curve (melting and boiling) |
| exothermic, heating and cooling curves | changes going down the curve (freezing and condensation) |
Created by:
27fierteko