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Fetal Heart
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| for the fetal heart there are two tubes before what week | 3 |
| the inner layer will form? | endocardium |
| the outer layer will form? | myocardium |
| at what time will the folding occur during development, fusing into a single heart tube | days 21-23 |
| what does the cephalic region form into | the aortic arch |
| what does the caudal region form into | sinus venosus |
| at what day does the endocardial cushions form to separate the atria and ventricles | day 27 |
| by what day will the endocardial cushions separate and the mitral and tricuspid valves form | day 33 |
| between what days will the atrial and ventricular septum form | 25-28 |
| what does the bulbus cordis do | develop into the right ventricle |
| what does the primitive ventricle do | develop into the left ventricle |
| what does the primitive atrium do | develop into the right and left atria |
| the truncus arteriosus will go on to form the | aorta and pulmonary artery |
| the truncus arteriosus will begin as one vessel and then divide with the pulmonary artery arising from the ___ and the aorta arising from the ___ | pulmonary artery arises from the right ventricle aorta from the left ventricle |
| how many pairs of primitive aortic arches are there | 6 |
| which primitive aortic arch pair forms what we consider the main aorta | 4th pair |
| at week is the heart fully formed | 7th |
| in utero the pressure in the left side of the heart is ? | low |
| what valve does blood pass through to enter the right atrium | eustachian valve |
| what is the purpose of the eustachian valve | help direct majority of blood flow through the foramen ovale |
| at birth, ___ is forced against ____, closing the foramen ovale | the septum primum and septum secundum |
| after birth, is the right side of the heart high or low pressure? | low |
| what increases the resistance to flow in the pulmonary circulation in utero | fluid in the lungs |
| in the fetal heart which side has greater pressure | right |
| the foramen ovale connects what together | the right atrium to the left atrium |
| the ductus arteriosus connects what together | the PA to the Ao |
| the ductus venosus connects does what | allows O2 blood to almost bypass directly to the heart |
| how many vein and arteries are in the umb. chord | 2 ARTERIES 1 VEIN |
| what is the only vessel to carry O2 enriched blood (80%) | the single umb. vein |
| where does the umb vein carry blood into | the portal system of the liver |
| true or false, majority of the blood carried in by the umbilical vein will go to the liver and only some will bypass to the IVC | FALSE |
| majority of the blood carried in by the umbilical vein will go through the ___ which connects to the ___ | goes through the ductus venosus and connects to the IVC |
| from the IVC the blood will go through the ____ valve in to the ____ | go through the eustachian valve into the right atrium |
| after entering the right atrium where will the MAJORITY of the blood go | RA to the LA, by way of the foramen ovale |
| after entering the right atrium where will the SMALL AMOUNTS of the blood go | RA to the RV and PA |
| The blood in the LA then goes to what | from the LA to the LV and aorta |
| what happens to the small amounts of blood that goes to the RV and AO and why | it will be shunted from the PA to the AO by way of the ductus arteriosus because of the high resistance |
| in the aorta, what will the blood travel through (O2 @ 58%) | AO, iliacs, internal iliacs |
| what do the internal iliacs give rise to | umb. arteries |
| once the lungs fill with air what happens to the resistance | it will decrease and the pulmonary circulation will increase |
| what does the foramen ovale become | fossa ovalis |
| what will a baby have if the f. ovale does not clsoe | PFO - patent foramen ovale |
| how long does it take for the ductus arteriosus to close | 12-24 hours |
| what does the chemical Bradykinin do, and what releases it | released by the lungs to help initiate closure of the d. arteriosus and increases O2 levels |
| remnant of the d. arteriosum becomes what | ligamentum arteriosum |
| what does the baby have if the d. arteriosus does not close | PDA - patent ductus arteriosus |
| what becomes the lateral ligaments | umb. arteries |
| what is persistent fetal circulation | PDA and PFO |
| what can persistent fetal circulation be a result of | pulm. HTN |
| what is the most sensitive period for cardiac development | 3.6-6.5 weeks |
| at the end of what week will circulation of blood begin | 3rd |
| normal FHR range is what | 120-160 BPM |
| 1st Trip HR begins at what and increases to | begins @ 90, increases to 170 |
| bradycardia is considered | under 60 BPM (doctors consider it under 90) |
| tachycardia is considered | over 200 BPM (doctors consider it over 180) |
| the position of the tricuspid valve is located slightly ___ to the mitral valve | inferfior |
| which valve is generally closer to the apex | tricuspid valve |
| what does the mitral valve separate | the LA and LV |
| what does the tricuspid valve separate | the RA and RV |
| the pulmonary veins enter the ? | left atrium |
| the foramen ovale allows blood to pass from what to what | from right atrium to left atrium |
| what is included in the 5 chamber view (LVOT) | LA, LV outflow tract, Ao Root, RV |
| how can you tell the differences between the ductal and aortic arch | ductal arch has NO branches which the Ao arch has 3 branches |
| what is the chance of having a chromosomal abnormality with a congenital heart defect. and what are the types | 5-10% ti 21, 13, 28, and turner's |
| most common congenital | VSD (types: VSD, ASD and pulm. stenosis) |
| environmental factors of CHD | smoking, alcohol, infections, pesticides |
| what side defects are more associated with chromosomal abnormalities | LEFT SIDE,, ASD, perimembranous VSD, tetrology of Fallot, double outlet RV, coarctation of aorta, and hypoplastic left heart. |
| dextrocardia | the heart is on the right chest / apex pointed to the right of the thorax |
| what is dextrocardia assoc. with | normal visceral situs, situs inversus or situs ambiguous |
| Levocardia | apex of the heart is pointed to the left |
| what is levocardia assoc. with | normal visceral situs, situs inversus or situs ambiguous |
| Mesocardia | atypical location with the apex pointing toward the midline |
| what is mesocardia assoc. with | extracardiac mass, lung abnormalities or transposition of the great vessels |
| what is... genetic, infection (all 4 chambers are dilated with thinning walls) and endocardial fibroelastosis | dilated cardimyopathy |
| what is associated with Noonan syndrome and maternal diabetes | hypertrophies cardiomyopathy |
| abnormal collection of fluid surrounding the epicardial layer of the ehart | pericardial effusion |
| how much pericardial fluid is considered abnormal | 2mm |
| what is pericardial effusion associated with | Coxsachievirus, parvovirus, cytomegalovirus, human immunodeficiency virus, IUGR, aneuploidy |
| what are the two segments of VSD called | membranous and muscular |
| what is the significant landmark for membranous VSD | supraventricularis ridge |
| above the supraventricularis ridge is | supracristal, just beneath pulmonary orifice |
| below the supraventricularis ridge is | infracristal |
| how to we check for VSD | look at 4 chamber view and use color doppler |
| a VSD with aneurysm typically protrudes into what side | right side |
| what is associated with muscular VSD | tetralogy of Fallot, single ventricle transposition of great vessels, endocardial cushion defect |
| what is the most common type of ASD | ostium secondum |
| is ASD associated with chromosomal abnormalities | YES, highly |
| foramen should flap into the __ atrial cavity and should NOT be so large that it touches the lateral wall of the atrium | left |
| defect in central atrial septum near the f. ovale | ostium secondum |
| the most difficult kind of ASD to see in utero is what? | ostium secondum |
| doppler tracing of ostium secondum can show..? | flow reversal |
| defect in the lower portion of the septum | Ostium Primum |
| ostium primum is generally associated with | Tri 21 , atrioventricular septum |
| least common ASD | sinus venosus septal defect |
| defect superiorly near the entrance of SVC into the atrium | sinus venosus septal defect |
| what is sinus venosus septal defect associated with | partial anomalous pulmonary venous return |
| atrioventricular septal defect is also called | endocardial cushion defect, ostium primum septal defect, atrioventricular canal malformation, atrioventricular septal defect |
| when there is no distinct mitral OR tricuspid valves | AVSD |
| AVSD is divided into | complete, incomplete, partial |
| shared valves / insertion of chordae from mitral/tricuspid valve into crest of ventricular septum or right papillary muscle | complete AVSD |
| what is complete AVSD associated with | malpositions of the heart, mesocardia, dextrocardia, abnormal rhythm truncoconal abnormalities, coarction of the aorta, pulm. stemosis/atresia |
| complete AVSD has an increased incidence of | down syndrome, asplenia and polysplenia |
| hole in the wall between atria OR venricles near the middle of the heart | incomplete or partial AVSD |
Created by:
koolaidjemmer