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Harkaran
Anatomy Week 6-12
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anatomy Week 6-12 week 6 | |
| Groups of skeletal muscle fibers are bound together by a connective tissue envelope called the: | perimysium. |
| Movement is one of the most distinctive and easily observed “characteristics of life.” | True |
| The pectoralis major muscle is an example of a _____ muscle. | convergent |
| The muscle(s) assisting in rotating the arm outward is (are) the: | teres minor. |
| Skeletal muscles constitute approximately ____ of our body weight. | 50% |
| The linea alba is a band of connective tissue that runs over the rectus abdominis from the xiphoid process to the pubis. | True |
| The flexor muscles that move the fingers are mostly located on the: | anterior medial surface of the forearm. |
| The most common type of lever in the body is a _____-class lever. | third |
| The latissimus dorsi muscle is an example of a _____ muscle. | Spiral |
| Muscles that move the upper arm originate on the: | clavicle and scapula. |
| Which of the following body systems assists the muscles in maintaining posture? | Digestive , Endocrine, Excretory (All of the above) |
| The posterior arm muscle that extends the forearm is the: | triceps brachii. |
| Just as individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system, individual muscles are the organs of the muscular system. | true |
| Which of the following is not a muscle of the quadriceps femoris group? | Biceps femoris |
| Which of the following statements about the muscles of the head is incorrect? | The splenius capitis muscle is sometimes called the prayer muscle because it causes the head to bow. |
| Which of the following is not a group of pennate muscles? | Tripennate |
| The origin of a muscle is on the femur, and the insertion is on the tibia. When it contracts, it bends the knee. Its fibers run parallel to the body. Which of the following terms might be part of its name? | Rectus and Femoris |
| The muscle that allows the thumb to be drawn across the palm to touch the tip of any finger is the: | opponens pollicis. |
| A muscle is attached to the femur and tibia. Its function or action is to bend the knee. When it contracts, it is acting as the: | Prime Mover |
| The soleus muscle is an example of a _____ muscle. | Pennate |
| Which of the following statements is incorrect? | The origin of the muscle is attached to the bone that does not move. The insertion of the muscle is attached to the bone that moves. When the muscle contracts, the insertion moves toward the origin. All of the above are correct. |
| Which of the following statements about the muscles of the thorax is incorrect? | When the diaphragm contracts, it decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity and expels air from the lungs. |
| Another name for a skeletal muscle cell is a(n): | muscle fiber. |
| The covering of individual muscle fibers is the: | endomysium. |
| The origin of a muscle is on the femur, and the insertion is on the tibia. When it contracts, it bends the knee. Which of the following is true? | The knee is acting as a fulcrum. |
| In pushing (pressing) a weight from shoulder height to above the head, which of the following muscles is least utilized? | Biceps brachii |
| Most muscles span a joint. | True |
| When an athlete injures a muscle of the hamstring group, the injury is on the: | posterior thigh. |
| The muscle that flexes the semipronated or semisupinated forearm is the: | brachioradialis. |
| Muscles may be named according to: | Function , direction of fibers, points of attachment (All of the above) |
| Week 7 | |
| Dendrites conduct impulses _____ cell bodies. | toward |
| Which of the following is not a function of the central nervous system (CNS)? | Integrating sensory information Evaluating the information Initiating an outgoing response All of the above are functions of the CNS. |
| The part of the nervous system that transmits impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscle is the: | somatic nervous system. |
| Multipolar neurons have: | multiple dendrites and one axon. |
| The efferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system consist of the ________ nervous systems. | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| Fascicles are held together by a connective tissue layer called the: | perineurium. |
| The white matter of the nervous system is made up of: | myelinated fibers. |
| Gray matter in the brain and spinal cord consists primarily of: | cell bodies |
| One of the components of the blood-brain barrier is: | astrocytes |
| Which is true of a reflex arc? | It always consists of an afferent neuron and an efferent neuron. |
| Nerves that contain mostly afferent fibers are called _____ nerves. | Sensory |
| Regeneration of nerve fibers will take place only if the cell body is intact and the fibers have: | a neurilemma. |
| Interneurons reside in the: | CNS Only |
| Which of the following compounds cannot cross the blood-brain barrier? | Dopamine |
| The nervous system is organized to do which of the following? | Detect changes in the external environment. Detect changes in the internal environment. Evaluate changes in the environment. All of the above are true. |
| Astrocytes attach to: | Neurons and blood vessels |
| The nervous system can be divided: | according to its structure. according to direction of information flow. by control of effectors. in all of the above ways. |
| The autonomic nervous system does not stimulate: | skeletal muscles. |
| Which is not true of the myelin sheath? | It covers cell bodies in the brain and spinal cord. |
| Which of the following is the deepest connective tissue layer of a nerve? | Endoneurium |
| Along a neuron, the correct pathway for impulse conduction is: | dendrite, cell body, and axon. |
| Neurons in the CNS have less chance of regenerating for all of the following reasons except: | microglia lay down scar tissue. |
| A neuron that has only one axon but several dendrites is classified as a _____ neuron. | multipolar |
| A neuron that transmits a nerve impulse toward the central nervous system is called a(n): | sensory neuron. |
| The afferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system: | carry feedback information to integrating centers in the brain. |
| The largest and most numerous types of neuroglia are the: | astrocytes. |
| Most unipolar neurons are usually: | sensory neurons. |
| In the human nervous system: | there are almost equal numbers of glia cells and neurons. |
| The lymphatic system, like the circulatory system, is a closed circuit. | False |
| Small distinct regions of gray matter in the CNS are called: | Nuclei |
| Week 8 | |
| The cervical plexus: | is found deep in the neck. is formed by the ventral rami of the first four cervical nerves and part of C5. includes the phrenic nerve. All of the above are correct. |
| Which plexus contains nerves that innervate the lower part of the shoulder and the entire arm? | Brachial |
| Sensory neurons can operate in autonomic reflex arcs. | true |
| Nerve fibers of the spinothalamic tract are: | Sensory |
| The spinal ganglion can be found on the _____ of the spinal nerve. | dorsal nerve root |
| The main divisions of the central nervous system are the: | brain and spinal cord. |
| Some parasympathetic postganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in nuclei in the brainstem. | Fasle |
| Which of the following is a correct statement? | There are 5 lumbar nerve pairs. |
| The spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord and consist of _____ pairs. | 31 |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is found in all of the following except the: | subdural space |
| All cell bodies of the autonomic nervous system are located within the CNS. | false |
| The part(s) of the cerebrum associated with anger, fear, and sorrow is (are) the: | Limbic System |
| The brain has _____ major divisions. | Six |
| All of the following are characteristics of sympathetic preganglionic neurons except: | they have long fibers from CNS to ganglion. |
| Several “vital centers” are located in the: | Medulla |
| All of the following cranial nerves have a functional classification of motor except: | vestibulocochlear. |
| Which of the following is not true of the lateral corticospinal tract fibers? | Most inhibit the lower motor neuron. |
| The lumbar plexus gives rise to the _____ nerve. | Femoral |
| The sensory cranial nerves include only the: | olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear. |
| The spinal tract is located on the side of the cord, originates in the brain, and terminates in the spinal cord in the _____ tract. | lateral corticospinal |
| All cell bodies of the autonomic nervous system are located within the CNS. | False |
| The innermost layer of the meninges is the: | Pia mater |
| The cranial nerve that arises from the spinal cord is the: | Accessory |
| Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through the ventricles, into the central canal, and _____, and is absorbed back into the blood. | subarachnoid space |
| Axon terminals that secrete acetylcholine are called cholinergic terminals. | true |
| Which of the following is not true? | One bundle of nerve fibers (nerve roots) projects from each side of the spinal cord. |
| Parasympathetic neuron cell bodies are located in: | nuclei of the brainstem and the lateral gray columns of the sacral cord. |
| There are _____ ventricles in the brain. | Four |
| The autonomic nervous system includes only efferent neurons. | false |
| The nerve commonly called the vagus nerve is the _____ cranial. | Tenth |
| Week 9 | |
| Transparent structure of the eye containing regularly aligned collagen fibers. | cornea |
| The anatomical stalk of the pituitary is also known as | infundibulum. |
| Pyramid-shaped gland consisting of neural crest-derived cells and endocrine secretory cells. | adrenal gland |
| The hypophyseal portal veins are primarily located in the | infundibulum. |
| Class of hormones secreted during chronic stress that depress immune function. | glucocorticoids |
| Transparent mucous membrane covering the inner surface of the eyelid. | conjunctiva |
| Which of the following endocrine glands develops primarily from the endoderm of the pharynx? | thyroid and parathyroids |
| Region of the hypophysis that contains secretory endocrine cells derived from the oral ectoderm. | adenohypophysis |
| Which of the following minerals is essential for the formation of thyroid hormone? | iodine |
| Pancreatic cell type that produces insulin. | beta cells |
| Largest purely endocrine gland in the body. | thyroid gland |
| Fluid filling the posterior segment of the eye. | vitreous humor |
| Endolymph-filled structure containing receptors for hearing. | cochlear duct |
| Endocrine gland of the thorax that is also important in immune function. | thymus gland |
| Bony labyrinth structure containing the utricle and saccule. | vestibule |
| The basilar membrane supports the | spiral organ |
| Gustatory cells are located in all of the following areas except | on the apical surface of vallate papillae on the tongue. |
| Which of the following areas has the highest concentration of cones? | the fovea centralis |
| Hormone that inhibits osteoclast activity in children. | calcitonin |
| Which of the following statements does not correctly describe the spiral organ of Corti? | The tectorial membrane bends with vibrations, whereas the basilar membrane is rigid and fixed. |
| Receptors for hearing are located in the | cochlear duct. |
| Region of the adrenal cortex that secretes DHEA. | zona reticularis |
| Melanin-containing layer of the eye's vascular tunic. | Choroid |
| Gel-like structure embedded with the tips of cochlear hair cells. | tectorial membrane |
| Membrane attached to the stapes. | Oval window |
| The hormone produced by the heart | increases the excretion of sodium in the urine. |
| Which endocrine gland stores enough of its hormone extracellularly to last several months? | the thyroid |
| Which of the following is not part of the flow of taste sensation along the gustatory pathway to the cerebral cortex? | hypothalamic appetite centers |
| The nerve carrying taste information from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue is the | facial |
| Endolymph is made | in the stria vascularis. |
| week 10 | |
| _____ is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood. | Hematocrit |
| The _____ is(are) supplied with blood from the left subclavian artery. | head and upper extremities |
| The free edges of the atrioventricular valves are anchored to the | papillary muscles. |
| Mechanical devices that permit the flow of blood in one direction only are called | valves |
| Renal veins drain blood from the | Kidneys |
| The bulk of the heart wall is the thick, contractile middle layer called the | myocardium. |
| The internal iliac artery supplies blood to the | Pelvis |
| The heart has its own special covering, a loose-fitting inextensible sac called the | pericardium. |
| A graphic record of the heart’s electrical activity is a(n) | ECG |
| The type of membranous tissue that lines the heart and blood vessels is the | endothelium. |
| The structure referred to as the pacemaker of the heart is(are) the: | SA Node |
| From which vessels do myocardial cells receive blood? | coronary arteries |
| The normal ECG is composed of all of the following except a | E Wave |
| A decrease in the amount of white blood cells is called | leukopenia. |
| In _____, blood moves from veins to other veins or arteries to other arteries without passing through an intervening capillary network. | vascular anastomoses |
| The four structures that compose the conduction system of the heart are the | SA node, AV node, AV bundle, and Purkinje fibers. |
| Microscopic vessels that carry blood from small arteries to small veins are | capillaries. |
| Which mature cell has no nucleus, mitochondria, or ribosomes? | Erythrocyte |
| Which types of arteries are also called conducting arteries and include the aorta? | elastic arteries |
| Which layer of the larger blood vessels is made up of endothelium? | tunica intima |
| During fetal circulation, what opening in the septum, between the right and left atria, directs most of the blood so that it bypasses the fetal lungs? | foramen ovale |
| Which division of the autonomic nervous system sends fibers to the heart? | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| Atria are often called _____ because they receive blood from vessels called veins. | receiving chambers |
| Erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as: | hematopoietic stem cells. |
| The molecule that makes up 95% of the dry weight of each red blood cell and is responsible for the red pigment is | hemoglobin. |
| The heart valves that are located where the trunk of the pulmonary artery joins the right ventricle and where the aorta joins the left ventricle are called | semilunar valves. |
| The brachiocephalic vein drains blood from the | head, neck, and upper extremity. |
| The _____ drains much of the superficial leg and foot. | great saphenous vein |
| Which of the following is not a formed element found in the blood? | Plasma |
| Blood flow from the heart through blood vessels to all parts of the body and back to the heart is referred to as _____ circulation. | systemic |
| Week 11 | |
| Masses of lymphoid tissue located in a protective ring under the mucous membranes in the mouth and the back of the throat are called | tonsils |
| Each cortical nodule is composed of packed lymphocytes that surround a less dense area called a | germinal center |
| Antibodies are proteins of the family called | immunoglobulins. |
| Which of the following is a true statement? | Lymph from the entire body, except the upper right quadrant, drains eventually into the thoracic duct. |
| Lymph ducts empty into the circulatory system, draining into the: | subclavian veins. |
| Because T cells attack pathogens more directly, T-cell immune mechanisms are classified as _____ immunity. | cell-mediated |
| Lacteals: | are the lymphatics in the villi of the small intestines. are able to absorb fat from the digestive system. |
| Interferon inhibits the spread of: | viruses and bacteria. |
| The internal environment of the human body is protected by the _____, which is(are) referred to as the first line of defense. | Skin |
| Hassall corpuscles are part of the: | thymus |
| The type of immune mechanism that provides a general defense by acting against anything recognized as “not self” is called: | nonspecific immunity. |
| The spleen is located in the _____ region. | left hypochondriac |
| An infection in the thumb may result in enlargement of the _____ nodes. | superficial cubital |
| The size of lymph nodes varies from _____ mm to more than _____ mm in diameter. | 1; 20 |
| The lymph nodes located just above the bend of the elbow are called the _____ lymph nodes. | supratrochlear |
| The lymph nodes located in the groin are called the: | inguinal lymph nodes. |
| Adaptive immunity, part of the body’s third line of defense, is orchestrated by two different classes of a type of white blood cell called the | lymphocyte. |
| The lymphatic system, like the circulatory system, is a closed circuit. | False |
| The cisterna chyli: | originates in the thoracic duct. |
| About half of the lymph flowing through the thoracic duct comes from the: | liver and small intestine. |
| During their residence in the thymus, pre-T cells develop into _____, cells that proliferate as rapidly as any in the body. | thymocytes |
| Which of the following is not a lymph organ? | Pancreas |
| The breast—the mammary gland and surrounding tissue—is drained by the: | lymphatics that originate in and drain the skin over the breast with the exception of the areola and nipple. lymphatics that originate in and drain the substance of the breast itself, as well as the skin of the areola and nipple. |
| Lymphatics resemble veins except that lymphatics: | have thinner walls. contain more valves. contain lymph nodes located at certain intervals along their course. All of the above are correct. |
| Which substance can destroy pathogens by lowering the pH to a level at which they cannot function? | Hydrochloric acid |
| The tonsils located near the posterior opening of the nasal cavity are called the _____ tonsils. | pharyngeal |
| The main difference between the composition of lymph and interstitial fluid and the composition of plasma is the _____ percentage of _____ in lymph and interstitial fluid. | lower; proteins |
| The primary organ of the lymphatic system is the | thymus |
| Lymph capillaries called lacteals are located in the: | Small intestine |
| A type of blood cell produced by lymph nodes is called a(n) | monocyte. |
| Week 12 | |
| The structures that deflect air as it passes through the nose are called: | Conchae |
| Olfactory epithelium is found: | covering the superior turbinate. |
| Which of the following is not part of the respiratory membrane? | Ciliated respiratory mucosa |
| Which of the following is not an accessory structure of the respiratory system? | Trachea |
| Which of the following is not lined with a ciliated mucous membrane? | Vestibule |
| The structure in the neck known as the “Adam’s apple” is the: | Thyroid Cartilage |
| The divisions of the thoracic cavity include all of the following except the: | respiratory cavity. |
| The total number of lobes in both lungs is: | 5 |
| Which of the following is true of the cribriform plate? | It separates the nasal and cranial cavities. |
| The respiratory portion of the nasal passage is lined with a mucous membrane made up of _____ epithelium. | pseudostratified columnar |
| The approximate length of the trachea, or windpipe, is _____ cm. | 11 |
| Paranasal sinuses are normally filled with: | air |
| All of the following are true regarding the structure of Surfactant except: | produced in the main stem bronchus |
| Which of the following is true of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx? | They serve in voice production. |
| The lower border of the cavity of the larynx is formed by the: | cricoid cartilage. |
| The upper respiratory tract includes all of the following structures except the: | Trachea |
| The respiratory system can be divided into what two parts? | Upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract |
| In the right lung, the superior and middle lobes are separated by the: | horizontal fissure. |
| Anatomically, how does the right bronchus differ from the left bronchus, and what effect might this have on the aspiration of objects? | The right bronchus is slightly larger and more vertical than the left. This anatomical fact helps explain why aspirated foreign objects frequently lodge in the right bronchus. |
| The eustachian tube connects the middle ear with the: | nasopharynx |
| Which of these structures is not found in the left lung? | Horizontal fissure |
| The more common name for the pharynx is the: | Throat |
| The small, leaf-shaped cartilage behind the tongue and hyoid bone is the: | epiglottis. |
| The hollow nasal cavity is separated by a midline partition called the: | septum |
| The smallest branches of the bronchial tree are: | bronchioles. |
| The anatomical division of the pharynx that is located behind the mouth from the soft palate above to the level of the hyoid bone below is called the: | oropharynx |
| The external openings to the nasal cavities can be referred to as: | nostrils. anterior nares. external nares. (all of the above) |
| Which of the following lists the correct sequence of air as it passes through the nose into the pharynx? | Anterior nares vestibule inferior, middle, and superior meatus posterior nares |
| The fauces, one of the seven openings found in the pharynx, opens into the: | oropharynx |
| The largest of the paranasal sinuses is the: | maxillary |
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harkaran